Revolution and the Age of Ideology

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Revolution and the Age of Ideology

• Heather Ramirez
• Sandra Sandoval

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Republicanism, Revolution, and Education
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Education in the United States

• After the American Revolution, it was very
  important to unite the 13 colonies
• Created a system that
• distributed power
• Divided townships into 36
• sections one reserved for education
• U.S. Constitution leaves out education- so it
  becomes the states responsibility

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Early American Educational Theorists

• Benjamin Rush
• Father of American Psychiatry
• Provide Lewis Clark with medical
• kit
• Samuel Smith
• Engaged in the shipping business
• Commanded Marylands quota
• during the Whiskey Rebellion
• Member of Congress and Senate

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Benjamin Franklin

• 15th of 17 children and
• youngest of 10 sons
• Father was a candle maker and
• soap maker
• Was supposed to become a minister, but could
• not afford school
• Apprenticed as candle maker and printer

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Benjamin Franklin (cont)

• Published anti-religious articles under the
• pseudonym Silence Dogwood
• Opened the 1st public
• library
• Became an abolitionist
• Signed all 4 founding
• documents of the U.S.

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Franklin Education

• Advocated a different kind of school
• School to be focused on practical curriculum
• Students would be able to choose
• second language
• Provided for vocational crafts
• School unsuccessful but
• ideal lives on
• Benjamin Franklin An Enlightened American
• Quick Biography of Benjamin Franklin

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Thomas Jefferson

• Born into a wealthy family
• The 3rd of 10 children
• Experienced death of father at 14 is
• left 5000 acres of land and many slaves
• Received a classical education and goes into law
• Married once to Martha Wayles Skelton and had 6
• children

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Thomas Jefferson (cont)

• Set out to reform and update Virginia's system of
  laws to reflect its new status as a democratic
  state
• Drafted 126 bills in 3 years
• Became President in 1801
• Obtained Louisiana
• Purchase for 15 million

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Jefferson and Education

• Obsessed by idea of higher education without
  religious influences
• Wanted students to be able
• to specialize in classes not
• offered at other schools
• Founded the University of
• Virginia in 1819
• 1st University to offer full variety
• of electives
• Centered around a library not a church

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Jefferson Facts

• He had a lisp and therefore hated public
  speaking
• He died on the 4th of July on the 50th
• anniversary of the signing of the
• Declaration of Independence
• He invented more words than
• any other president
• He kept 2 bear cubs in cages in
• front of the White House Gifts from Lewis
  Clark
• Jefferson's West Thomas Jefferson and the Lewis
  and Clark Expedition

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Republican Education

• Shift from religious to social and political
• Tried to form educated and
• capable citizens
• Exhibited a distrust in
• centralized powers
• Emphasized educating ordinary
• people not just elite intellectuals
• Sought separation of church and state

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The French Revolution

• Caused by resentment of royal absolutism
• 95 of population
• represented by only
• 1 vote
• Enlightenment spreads
• In 1789, Third estate proclaims itself the
  National Assembly
• and Bastille is stormed
• French Revolution - Wikipedia, the free
  encyclopedia

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French Education

• Switch from Catholic domination
• before the war, to government
• domination
• Complete rejection of the old order
• Emphasis on teaching the French language
• Rewards were offered for those who attended
  republic schools as opposed to religious-based
  private schools
• Strong French centralization commitment
• The Revolution, Napoleon, and Education

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Napoleon

• Born to minor Italian nobility
• Entered military school at age 9
• Had to learn French but spoke
• with Italian accent
• Called The Little General but
• was actually not short
• Married Josephine de Beauharnais they had no
  children

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Education under Napoleon

• Napoleon forms Concordat with Pope, allowing
  religious elementary schools to re-establish
• Napoleon felt education was different
• for boys and girls
• Girls were to be taught religion and
• domestic skills
• Boys divided into two categories under 12
• and over 12
• Elementary schools governed by municipalities
• Secondary schools run strictly by the state
• Created the Imperial University in 1808
• Lycees and centralized power still exist in
  France today

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Revolutionary Consequences

• French Changes
• Less emphasis on religion
• More emphasis on nationalism
• Education for common citizens (except women)
• Education as tool for creating soldiers
  government

• U.S. Changes
• Less emphasis on religion
• More emphasis on democracy
• Education for common people
• Education for creating citizenry

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The 19th Century-The Age of Ideology
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Ideologies

• Industrialism
• Liberalism
• Conservatism
• Socialism
• Humanitarianism
• Romanticism and Nationalism

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Industrialism

• Enlightenment provided framework for application
  of scientific knowledge
• Dominated by industry and manufacture of
  machinery
• Protestant work ethic prevailed among middle
  class
• Saw the rise of the middle class
• Used education to advance upward

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Industrialism

• Reordered class structure aristocracy, middle
  and working class
• Capitalism had profound effect on social,
  political, and economic life
• Education greatly impacted

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Industrialism

Aristocracy Middle Class Working Class
Landed aristocrats Conservative ideology Appropriateness" of doctrine Education maintain political and status quo Nouveau riche Challenged status quo (liberalism) Literate and educated citizenry Educationadvance upward mobility Became the lever for social change (Socialism) Lost touch with values and trad. Dispossessed
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Liberalism

• Retained the ideas of Enlightenment
  intellectual, religious and economic freedom
• Rejected the idea of Divine Right of Kings,
  established religion
• Respected individualism, free from government
  interference, elected representation
• Supported by middle class

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Liberalism

• Beginning of suffrage movement in the U.S
  (1830s)
• Women abolitionists endorsed rights in 1837
• Frances Wright, Flora Tristan, Louise Otto

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Liberalism-The Split

• Positive Liberalism vs Negative liberalism
• Herbert Spencer and
• John Stuart Mill
• John Stuart Mill supported reformed liberalism
  (i.e. government programs, such as popular
  education)

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Conservatism

• Reaction against 19th century liberalism
• Found support in aristocracy
• Allied with state churches
• Emphasized social stability
• Social class gave individuals purpose

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Socialism

• Origins French Revolution, Industrial Revolution
• Envisioned a system where wealth and property
  subject to social control
• Utopian socialists Saint-Simon, Owens, Fourier,

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Socialism-Saint-Simon

• Founder of Saint-Simonian society
• Advocated New Christianity
• Proposed that scientists as priests
• Called for the science of society

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Socialism Charles Fourier

• Believed that care and cooperation were the
  secrets of social success
• If everyone cooperated, production would improve
• Instituted the ideas of community phalanxes
  Selection from Charles
• Fourier)

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Socialism-Phalanxes

• Place for quiet activity
• Dining rooms, meeting rooms, libraries, study
• Central room temple, tower, ceremonial chimes
• A large number of rooms, apartments

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Socialism-Robert Owen

• Believed mans character is made not by him but
  for him
• Influences on early education
• New Lanark to New Harmony
• " I left this country in 1824 to go to the United
  States to sow the seeds in that new fertile soil
  - new for material and mental growth - the cradle
  of the future liberty of the human race"

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Socialism-New Communities

• New Harmony
• Brook Farm
• Oneida Society
• North American Phalanx

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Humanitarianism

• Human beings deserve respect and dignity
• Against slavery, violation of basic human rights,
  discrimination
• Women supported
• Humanitarian bills focused on improvement of
  working conditions

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Romanticism

• Reaction against the Enlightenment,
  counter-enlightenment
• Emphasized imagination and feeling
• Return to nature and belief in the goodness of
  humanity
• Development of nationalism

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Romanticism

• Music-Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven
• Literature Hoffman, Wordsworth, Coleridge,
  Chateaubriand, Hugo, Irving, Hawthorne, Cooper
• Art Delacroix, Wyatt,

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Romanticism and Trancendentalism

• Rooted in philosophy of Kant
• Founded in Cambridge, MA
• Protest against culture and society
• Believed in ideal spiritual state that transcends
  the physical
• Emerson, Thoreau, Putnam, Peabody, Alcott

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Nationalism

• Arose in Europe
• Transition to nation-states against large empires
• Promoted national identity and culture
• Germany-strong cultural identity

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Nationalism-von Herder

• Saw Germany as a land interspersed with various
  languages, religions, etc.
• Identified need for German identity
• No greater injury can be inflicted on a nation
  that to be robbed of her national character

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Implications for Education

• Liberalism-individualism, competition
• Socialism-cooperative activities, relationships
  at school, new society
• Conservatism-saw school as an agency of
  historical and social continuity

• Liberalism-saw education as an instrument for
  change
• Nationalism-national systems for education,
  popular literacy
• Romanticism-emphasized the person and their
  emotions

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Questions to consider?

• Which ideology is most evident in todays
  education?
• Do politics guide education or does education
  guide politics?

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References

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutio
  n
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism
• http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1784herder-mank
  ind.html
• httpen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism
• httpwww.binghampton.edu/womanhist/arhm

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References

• http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/
• http//lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawstime.html
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism
• http//historicaltextarchive.com
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fourier

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References

• http//www.marxists.org/reference/archive/fourier/
  works/ch20.htm