ORIGINS OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION

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ORIGINS OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION
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Revolutionary Character

• Overthrow of Crown
• Overthrow of House of Lords
• Abolition of Established Church
• Broad Degree of Religious Toleration
• New Form of Government Commonwealth

Execution of Charles I, 1649
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Causes of the Revolution

• Economic Expansion
• Disappearance of External Threats
• Social Change
• Crisis of Confidence
• Emergence of the Opposition
• Formulation of an Ideology for Revolution
• Tyranny of Charles I, 1630s

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Economic Expansion

• Overseas Trade
• Cloth Industry
• Significance to Political Crisis Not
  Straight-forward

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Disappearance of External Threats

• Fear of Uncertain Succession Provoked Religious
  Conflict
• Fear of Foreign Invasion
• Removal of Threats
• Comparison with Glorious Revolution

James I, 1603-25
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Social Change, 1540-1640

• 4 Key Developments
• Growth of Landed Classes
• Explanation
• Impact Growing Social Mobility

House of Lords
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Size of the Landed Classes, 1540-1640
1540 1640
Peers 60 160
Baronets Knights 500 1400
Esquires 800 3000
Gentry 5000 15,000
Total 6360 19,560
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Social Change

• Gentrys Sharply Rising Standard of Living
• Rising Status Group

English Gentlemen, 1630
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Social Change

• Waning Power and Influence of Aristocracy
• Decline of Retinues
• Crown Policy

London Law Courts
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Social Change

• Rising Status of Professional Mercantile Groups
• Expansion of Numbers of Lawyers

Horace Rumpole, Barrister
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Long-Term Consequences of Social Change

• Wealth, Power Status
• Church, Crown Aristocracy versus Gentry
  Professional Groups
• Crowns Problem How to Incorporate New Rising
  GroupsGentry, Lawyers Merchantsinto
  Traditional Power Structure

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Crisis of Confidence The Clergy

• Impact of the Reformation
• Confiscation of Bishops Estates
• Criticism of Church
• Catholic Priests
• Puritan Ministers

Dr. William Ames, Influential Puritan
Theologian
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Crisis of Confidence The Aristocracy

• Loss of Military Powers
• Loss of Status Sale of Hereditary Titles

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Sale of Honors
1540 1640
Peerage 60 160
Baronetcies 0 over 400
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Crisis of Confidence The Court

• Definition
• Two-fold Goals
• Elizabeth vs. the Stuarts
• Exclusion of Aristo-crats and Gentry
• Long-Term Impact
• Courts Loss of Power Prestige
• Court versus Country Mentality

The Royal Favorite
George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
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Crisis of Confidence The Crown

• Queen Elizabeth as the Symbol of National Identity

Queen Elizabeth I
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Crisis of Confidence The Crown

• Personality and Conduct of James I (1603-25)
• Personality and Conduct of Charles I
• (1625-49)

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Charles I
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Emergence of the Opposition I

• Role of Parliament
• Emergence Under Queen Elizabeth
• Sources of Discontent
• Religious Settlement
• Her Rejection of Marriage
• Inability to Name a Successor
• Grants of Monopolies

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Emergence of the Opposition II

• James I
• More Vocal Opposition
• Sources of Grievances Finances and Foreign
  Policy
• His Alternatives

James I
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Change in Oppositions Tactics

• Shift from Policy to Principle
• Issues
• Impeachment of Ministers
• Freedom of Speech
• Parliamentary Taxes
• Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest

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Petition of Right, 1628

• whereas it is declared and enacted by a statute
  made in the time of the reign of King Edward I.,
  . . . that no tallage or aid shall be laid or
  levied by the king or his heirs in this realm,
  without the good will and assent of the
  archbishops, bishops, earls, barons, knights,
  burgesses, and other the freemen of the
  commonalty of this realm.

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Constitutional Crisis After 1621

• Foreign Policy
• Military Policy
• Mismanagement of Finances
• Duke of Buckingham Patronage

Queen Henrietta Maria
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Long-Term Consequences

• Landed Classes Polarized
• Upholders of Royal Prerogative versus Rights of
  Parliament
• Ruling Elite Divided

John Hampden, Defender of
Parliaments Rights
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Formulation of an Ideology for Revolution

• Puritanism
• Moral Improvement
• Drew Support from Elite
• Attractions to Supporters
• Justification for Elite
• Associated with Nationalism

William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury
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Puritanisms Long-Term Consequences

• Provided Ideas for Attacking State and Status Quo
• Posed Awkward Questions
• Offered Sense of Mission
• Supplied Parliamentary Leaders

John Pym, Upholder Of Parliaments Rights
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Tyranny of Charles I, 1630s

• Importance of Decade Overestimated
• Why Age Disparity Between Royalists and
  Parliamentarians

Duke of Buckinghams Death Bed
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Tyranny of Charles I Alienation of the Gentry

• Attack on Their Rights and Political Influence
• Imposition of Arbitrary Taxes
• Confiscation of Their Property
• Antagonistic Religious Policy
• Degraded Landed Elites Social Status