Standard 11 Sports, Recreation, and Tourism

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• Standard 11 Sports, Recreation, and Tourism

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• Students will examine the physical and human
  geographic factors associated with sports,
  recreation, and tourism along with the local and
  global consequences of these activities.

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11.1

• Describe the spread of specific sports and/or
  sporting events from their geographic origins.
  Analyze the spatial patterns that emerge.
  Origins, Change Over Time, Diffusion

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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports

• Golf (Scotland)
• Tennis (Europe)
• Lacrosse (Canada Native Americans)
• Skiing (Scandinavia)
• Soccer/Football (Europe, Latin America)
• Baseball/Basketball (USA)
• Olympics (Greece)

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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports

• Soccer/Football
• Modern version originated in England around the
  mid-19th Century
• However, there is considerable debate regarding
  its earlier origins
• Several locations claimed as place of origin
• Ancient Greeks and Romans played a game with
  their feet and a ball, observed by Herodotus to
  be the head of the defeated teams captain
• 3rd Century BC Soldiers during the Han Dynasty
  played a game where a ball would be kicked into a
  small net
• Football was played in England as early as the
  8th Century, with the ball being the head of a
  defeated Danish Prince
• The game became so violent in England that King
  Edward III tried to abolish the game
• The Football Association established in England
  in 1863 (1 set of rules)

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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports

• Soccer/Football
• Early Egyptian ball made of linen from 2500 BC
• Greek game called Episkyros, approximately 2000
  BC
• Romans later changed the name to Harpastum

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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports

• Soccer/Football

• Diffusion of modern sport
• British workmen went to South America to build
  railroads
• Mass emigration from Italy to South America
• British troops brought the game to India
• American Civil War soldiers played the game to
  relax
• International competition
• International competition began in Europe near
  the turn of the 20th Century
• FIFA founded in 1904
• First World Cup in 1930 in Montevideo, Uruguay
• 1932 World Cup final was the first to be
  broadcast on radio
• Attendance at World Cup events is enormous
  (Germany, approx. 635,000)
• Viewership (1 billion viewers of Germany World
  Cup)

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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports

• Skiing
• Believed to have originated
  in Scandinavia
• Means of transportation and
  a military skill in
  Scandinavia
• Skis approximately 4,500 years old
  were discovered in Sweden
• Skiing was introduced to Central
  Europe at the end of the 16th Century
• Americans learned skiing either from natives or
  Scandinavian immigrants in the mid-19th Century
• Skiing was included in the first Winter Olympics
  in 1924

Source B. Jonas and S. Masia, Ski Magazines
Total Skiing (1987)
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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports

• Skiing
• Recent debate regarding its true place of origin
  (csmonitor.com, March 15, 2006)
• Altay Mountains bordering China, Mongolia,
  Kazakhstan, and Russia
• Skis used to this day for subsistence hunting and
  transportation
• Believed that Altaic peoples may have introduced
  skiing in Scandinavia
• Also a belief that skiing concept arose
  independently
• Skis made of spruce or white pine, wrapped in
  hairy, horse-shank skin

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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports

• Origins of Skiing

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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports

• Olympic Games
• First modern Olympic Games held in 1896
• 241 athletes
• 14 countries
• 43 events
• 9 sports
• 2004 Olympic Games
• 10,500 athletes
• 202 countries
• 300 events
• 28 sports

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11.1 Geographic Distribution of Sports

• Spatial patterns
• Soccer/Football is now played virtually
  everywhere
• Golf is primarily limited to wealthier nations as
  is skiing
• Countries gaining wealthier population find golf
  popularity growing (China)
• Climate plays a role in pattern of sports
• Colder regions were playing ice hockey earlier
• Year-round warmer areas playing soccer

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11.2

• Analyze the ways in which peoples changing views
  of places and regions that are appropriate for
  recreation and tourism reflect cultural changes.
  Change Over Time, Spatial Interaction, Cultural
  Landscape.

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11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation

• Italy
• Formerly a religious, political, commercial
  center
• Becoming tourist centers (Florence, Venice, Rome)
• United States
• Parks developed in response to increased
  urbanization
• Millenium Park, Chicago, IL

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11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation

• South Africa
• Apartheid policies implemented in 1948
• Institutionalization of racial discrimination
• Government did not develop tourism during
  apartheid
• End of apartheid policies in 1994
• First all-race election in 1994
• New government saw important role of tourism in
  economic revival
• Dramatic increase in tour operators and lodges,
  safari tours, etc.
• Tourism has increased 100 since 1994
• From 3.6 million visitors in 1994 to 7.3 million
  in 2005 (8 of S.A. GDP)
• Preparing to host World Cup in 2010 (improved
  infrastructure, airports)
• Billions of dollars to be injected into local
  economy

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11.2 Changing Views of Tourism and Recreation

• China
• Won bid for 2008 Olympic Games
• Olympic Games offer potential for political and
  cultural change
• International attention
• China will likely ease restrictions during the
  Games to appear more open
• Promises have been made regarding freedom of
  media
• Promote human rights advocacy and democracy
• People have increased personal freedom but
  political freedom nonexistent
• Negative is government accused of increasing
  arrests of dissidents
• Destroying houses without owners permission
• Construction of many new facilities for Olympics
  and beyond

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11.3

• Detect and assess the impact of sport and
  recreation on the human and physical environments
  in selected countries. Change Over Time,
  Cultural Landscape, National Character

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11.3 Impact of Sport, Recreation, and Tourism

• Olympics
• Dramatically alter landscape and character of
  host cities/nations
• Atmosphere of increased nationalism in host
  country
• Improvements in infrastructure, sport venues,
  lodging, future tourism
• International focus
• Germanys pride in 2006 World Cup and healing
  image from WWII South Africa with opportunity
  to heal its image from apartheid
• Africa
• Development of National Parks and Refuges to
  preserve landscape and wildlife (character
  preservation)

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11.3 Impact of Sport, Recreation, and Tourism

• China
• Leisure time includes dining out (Hong Kong 1
  restaurant/20 people)
• Increase in paid holidays for workers promotes
  tourism
• Worlds largest golf course planned
• Entire country has approximately 30,000 golf club
  members
• Government envisions golf courses as new revenue
  possibility
• Hangzhou, China
• West Lake development underway
• To be completed by January 2007
• 30 million tourists (2 million are international
  visitors) each year to area
• 21-block district in a blighted area to be
  redeveloped for tourism
• Canal, manmade canyon along canal, shopping,
  restaurants

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11.3 Impact of Sport, Recreation, and Tourism

• China
• Hangzhou, China
• West Lake development underway
• Completed by Jan. 2007
• 30 million tourists (2 million
  international) each year to area
• 21-block district in a blighted area to be
  redeveloped for tourism
• Canal, manmade canyon along canal, shopping,
  restaurants

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11.3 Impact of Sport, Recreation, and Tourism
Overview of entire WestLake Development in
Hangzhou, China
Source Jerde Partnership
Architectural canyon and canal attached to
WestLake in Hanzouh, China
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11.4

• Analyze the changing patterns of space devoted to
  sports and recreation in your local community and
  region. Spatial Interaction, Spatial
  Organization, Change Over Time

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11.4 Local Impact

• Indianapolis, Indiana
• Urban renewal using sports, recreation, and
  tourism
• Major sporting venues, Victory Field, NCAA
  Headquarters, White River Gardens and State Park,
  Indiana State Museum, Eiteljorg Museum
• Recreational opportunities in downtown Canal Walk
  leading to museums and the NCAA Hall of
  Champions, and connected to the Indianapolis Zoo
• Military Park (hosts several festivals per year),
  IUPUI Campus, and RCA Tennis Center
• Monon Trail (former railway) developed as a
  recreational corridor stretching 15.5 miles from
  10th Street in downtown Indianapolis north to
  Carmel, Indiana (146th Street).

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11.4 Local Impact

• Monon Trail
• Offers a recreational link between urban/suburban
  areas

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11.4 Local Impact

• Indianapolis, Indiana
• 319.5 million Circle Centre, successful urban
  shopping and entertainment centers
• 2.7 billion in construction and redevelopment
  efforts by 2010
• Major Sports and Convention Venues
• 3,000 hotel rooms connected to Indiana Convention
  Center via skywalk
• Planned Market Square District redevelopment
• Two 29-story buildings housing approximately 400
  condos
• 100,000 square feet of retail space
• Projected completion of 2007
• Vibrant urban center with lodging, shopping,
  sports, arts, and other entertainment all within
  walking distance

Source Downtown Indianapolis, Inc.
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11.5

• Analyze the impact of tourism on the physical and
  human environments of selected world regions.
  Predict the environmental impact of a continued
  growth in tourism in these regions. Human
  Environment Interactions, Spatial Interaction,
  Change Over Time, Spatial Variation, Spatial
  Organization, Physical Systems, Cultural
  Landscape, Human Livelihoods

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11.5 Tourism

• Brazil Tourism
• Amazon River Basin
• Rainforest tours
• Ecotourism
• Lodges, landing strips, fuel in waterways
• Greater exposure of native peoples and animals
  to disease/infection

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11.5 Impact of Tourism

• Kenya
• Nearly 1 million visitors to Kenya per year (500
  million)
• More popular spots Mombasa, Nairobi, Game
  Reserves
• Tourism believed to contribute to preservation of
  dance/traditions
• Local population and employees learn foreign
  languages

Sources IDRC, Moi University Research, Kenya
Tourism
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11.5 Impact of Tourism

• Kenya
• Research indicates divide in benefits of tourism
• Only 2 of revenue at Maasai Mara Reserve goes to
  local Maasai
• Remainder goes to lodges, transportation/travel
  agencies, Govt.
• Conversion of traditional grazing land to Park
• Impacts on wildlife
• Off-road driving damaging habitat
• Lodges/restaurants affecting food intake
• Researchers discovered traces of lead in roadside
  vegetation

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11.5 Impact of Tourism

• Possible Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism
• Specifically ecotourism operations
• Destruction or disturbance of wildlife habitat
  for construction of lodges, infrastructure, etc.
• Removal of vegetation contributes to increased
  soil erosion, sedimentation of waterways,
  increased risk of flooding
• Water quality risks associated with sewage, fuel
  for tour operations
• Localized air quality impacts from exhaust
  emissions
• Hunting tours may reduce wildlife populations
  depended upon by local human population

Source IUCN, www.iucn.org
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11.5 Tourism

• Artic Regions
• Dramatic increase in tourism during the last 15
  years
• Up to one million tourists each year
  (Scandinavia, Canada, Greenland, Russia, Alaska)
• Canadian Arctic
• Use of Tundra Buggies
• Fuel emissions
• Disturbance of animals

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11.5 Impact of Tourism