BASIC PARTS OF SPEECH

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BASIC PARTS OF SPEECH

• Advanced Grammar Vocab
• Fort Collins High School

Acknowledgement of sources click here
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Eight Parts of Speech
Nouns
Interjections
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
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BASIC Word that names
Noun

• A Person

• A Place

• A Thing

• An Idea/ Abstraction

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ADVANCED Identified by articles a, an , or
the
Noun

• A Person a boy, an engineer, the student

• A Place a school, an office, the Grand
  Canyon

• A Thing a computer, an encomium, the
  reconnaissance

• An Abstraction a hope, an aspiration, the
  freedom

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Kinds of Nouns
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More Kinds of Nouns
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Noun-Forming Suffixes
Suffixes can change a words part of speech. Some
noun suffixes include.
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The Pronoun
The pronoun is a word used in place of one or
more nouns. It may stand for a person, place,
thing, or idea.
Indefinite Pronouns anybody each either none someo
ne, one, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those
Personal Pronouns I, me, mine you, your,
yours she, her, hers, he him his it, its we,us,
our, ours they, them, their, theirs myself yourse
lf
Interrogative Pronouns who whom what which whose
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The Pronoun
The word or words that a pronoun stands for is
its ANTECEDENT the antecedent will always be
nouns and/or pronouns They went home. Kim
followed them.
The SAT loves pronoun-antecedent questions
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Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

• The pronoun and its antecedent in gender and
  number
• Singular antecedents joined by and take a
  plural pronoun.
• Bill and I looked mournfully at our lunches
• Singular antecedents joined by or or nor , a
  singular pronoun is used to refer to them
• Neither Kim nor Jenny has gotten her pictures
  back yet.
• Plural antecedents joined by and, or or nor ,
  take a plural pronoun
• The scientists and writers stocked a library of
  500 books on their ambitious journey.

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Ambiguous Pronouns

• A pronoun is AMBIGUOUS if it can refer to MORE
  THAN ONE antecedent.
• EXAMPLE When Juan showed the dinosaur egg to his
  cousin James, he smiled and nodded his head.
• FIX replace the ambiguous pronoun with a noun
• EXAMPLE When Juan showed the dinosaur egg to his
  cousin James, James smiled and nodded his head.
• FIX revise the sentence entirely
• EXAMPLE Juan showed the dinosaur egg to his
  cousin James, who smiled and nodded his head.
• EXAMPLE James smiled and nodded his head when
  his cousin Juan showed him the dinosaur egg.

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Vague Pronoun Reference

• A pronoun reference is VAGUE if an antecedent
  to a pronoun is IMPLIED (not stated), or if the
  pronoun-antecedent link is unclear. Commonly
  occurs with you, it, and they and sometimes
  with this, that, and which
• On the plains of Argentina, they have found
  several new dinosaur species.
• FIX reword the sentence to make the meaning
  clear
• FIX replace the pronoun with an appropriate noun
  and change the verb as needed
• On the plains of Argentina, scientists have
  found several new dinosaur species.

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The Preposition
A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun or a
phrase or clause functioning in the sentence as a
noun. The word or word group that
the preposition introduces is its object.
They received a postcard from Bobby telling
about his trip to Canada.
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The preposition never stands alone!
noun
object of preposition
preposition
pronoun
object
preposition
You can press those leaves under glass.
can have more than one object
Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news.
object can have modifiers
It happened during the last examination.
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The Squirrel and the Log Test

• Picture a squirrel and a log.
• Anywhere you can describe the squirrel
• in relationship to the log a preposition
• This is a test for only SOME of the prepositions,
  the rest you will just have to memorize

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Some Common Prepositions
behind below beneath beside between beyond by down
during except for
from in into like of off on over past since throug
h
throughout to toward under underneath until up up
on with within without
aboard about above across after against
along among around at before
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The Verb
A word that expresses action or otherwise helps
to make a statement
TO BE taste feel sound look appear become seem g
row remain stay
Action
Subject
Linking
predicate
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Every sentence must have
VERB

• At least one

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Kinds of Verbs

• Action verbs express mental or physical ACTION.

• Linking verbs (state of being verbs) make a
  statement by CONNECTING the subject with a word
  that describes or explains subject.

The teacher belabored the point until it become
banal.
He has been sick.
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Kinds of Verbs

• Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs help form verb
  tenses and create verb phrases

• Common helping verbs
• BE
• HAVE
• DO
• Modals/auxiliaries
• Can/could
• Shall/should
• Will/would
• May
• Might
• must

She has grown tired of MySpace
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Verb Phrases

• A VERB PHRASE consists of one HELPING VERB and a
  MAIN VERB.
• Most common helping verbs are forms of to be,
  to have, and to do
• Auxiliaries/Modals will, would, can, could,
  shall, should, may, might, must

Sarah is working very hard to learn vocabulary.
She must learn it by test time.
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Tenses
VERB

• The TIME expressed by a verb is called its TENSE
• BASIC VERB TENSES
• PRESENT TENSE eschew
• PAST TENSE eschewed
• PRESENT PARTICIPLE eschewing
• PAST PARTICIPLE (have) eschewed
• FUTURE TENSE will/shall eschew

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Tenses
VERB

• ADVANCED VERB TENSES
• PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
• PAST PERFECT TENSE
• FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

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Present Tense

• PRESENT TENSE expresses action or state of being
  as occurring NOW
• The baby sees the butterfly.
• The butterfly flies away quickly.
• PRESENT TENSE expresses HABITUAL or customary
  actions or state of being
• In the evening, I run laps at the track.
• Every month, Joe calculates the interest earned
  by his savings account.

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Present Tense

• PRESENT TENSE expresses matters of FACT, or to
  convey general TRUTH
• Meteors rove the heavens.
• PRESENT TENSE is used to discuss literary texts
  (called literary present)
• In Goldilocks and the Three Bears, a child
  learns about respecting others privacy and
  property.

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Present Tense

• INFINITIVES expresses an action or state of being
  that follows another action or state of being
• TO VERB infinitive
• Julie wants to ride with me to school in the
  morning.

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Past Tense

• PAST TENSE expresses an action or state of being
  that occurred in the PAST and ENDED.
• I ran an extra lap around the track last night.
• The clock fell and broke into pieces.

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Present Participle

• PRESENT PARTICIPLE is usually designated by the
  ing ending
• I am eating lunch in an hour.
• What are you cooking for dinner?
• When used in a sentence, the present participle
  must take a helping verb
• form of to be -ing

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Past Participle

• Regular PAST PARTICIPLES are formed by adding
  ed or d to the present
• Talk talked
• The PAST PARTICIPLE must take a HELPING VERB
  when used as a verb
• I have cooked all of the spaghetti.
• Some Irregular verbs in the past participle end
  in n others do not take any new ending
• I have already eaten lunch.
• All of the party balloons have burst.

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Future Tense

• FUTURE TENSE expresses an action or state of
  being that has not yet occurred.
• will or shall base verb future tense
• Next week I will run in my first marathon.
• A future tense may also be expressed by the
  phrase going to or about to base verb
• I am going to run in my first marathon next week.

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Present Perfect Tense

• The PERFECT TENSE is recognized by the use of the
  TO HAVE verb Base verb
• PRESENT PERFECT (have/has present tense verb
• Expresses action or state of being that occurred
  in some INDEFINITE TIME in the PAST
• I have not run in a marathon before.
• (before right NOW occurs in indefinite past)

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Past Perfect Tense

• PAST PERFECT (had past tense verb)
• PAST PERFECT expresses action or state of being
  that has occurred in the past and was completed
  before some other past occurrence
• Brian had run for eight months before he decided
  to enter the race.
• had run occurred in the past and ended BEFORE
  Brian decided (past tense verb) to enter the race

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Future Perfect Tense

• FUTURE PERFECT (will/shall have verb)
• FUTURE PERFECT expresses action or state of being
  that will occur in the future before some other
  future occurrence.
• By the time I leave the track, I will have run
  five miles.
• will have run occurs BEFORE the leaving the
  track both will occur in the future

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Sequence
VERB

• When describing events that occur AT THE SAME
  TIME use verbs in the same tense
• The car zoomed by and dust flew everywhere.
• When describing events that occur AT DIFFERENT
  TIMES use verbs in different tenses to show ORDER
  of events
• Stacey plays the tuba, but years ago she played
  the trumpet.

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The Adjective
DESCRIBES or LIMITS Nouns or pronouns.
Answers these questions
Did you lose your address book?
Which?
He has an insatiable appetite.
What kind?
Just give me five minutes.
How many?
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Limiting Adjectives
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Describing Adjectives
Describing, enhancing, stunning, intensifying
adjectives a nefarious plota taciturn studenta
haunted housegermane ideas My days are
endless.What a darling hat.Youre too kind.
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Forms of Adjectives
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The Adverb
Answers the questions
DESCRIBES a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
How? (manner)
He ran quickly.
When? (time)
She left yesterday.
We went there.
Where? (place)
To what degree or how much?
It was too hot!
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The Adverb

• Many adverbs end in ly however, the presence of
  these two letters does not necessarily signal an
  adverb
• Pay attention to what the word describes as well
  as how it appears
• Adjectives also end in ly (meaning like or
  resembling) friendly, saintly, likely, manly,
  etc.

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Interrogative Adverbs
Introduce questions
How?
How did you break your leg?
When does your plane leave?
When?
How often do you run?
How often?
Where?
Where did you put the mouse trap?
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Forms of Adverbs
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The Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins words or
groups of words.
or
and
neither/nor
either/or
but
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Coordinating Conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions CONNECT words or
  groups of words used in the same way
• The workshop has a bench saw and a sander in one
  corner.
• Coordinating conjunctions CONNECT two independent
  clauses
• Advance ticket sales were slow, but many people
  showed up at the door

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FANBOYS

• F for
• A and
• N nor
• B but
• O or
• Y yet
• S so

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Subordinating Conjunction

• A subordinating conjunction begins a subordinate
  clause (always a DEPENDENT CLAUSE) and CONNECTS
  it to an independent clause
• Subordinating conjunctions can move around the
  sentence
• Did Otto decide whether he would take College
  Board Prep?
• Since the bus is late, we should take a taxi.

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Commonly Used Subordinating Conjunctions
even though how if in order to provided since so
that than that
though unless until when whenever where wherever w
hether while why
after although as as if as much as as though as
well as because before
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Correlative Conjunctions

• Correlative conjunctions are used in PAIRS to
  CONNECT words or groups of words
• Both moose and caribou live in the north country.
• The comedians routine was not only funny but
  also appropriate to the occasion.

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The Interjection
An exclamatory word that expresses emotion
Goodness! What a cute baby!
Wow! Look at that sunset!
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Thats all for now. . .

• Information and examples taken from a variety of
  sources including
• The Deluxe Transitive Vampire by Karen Elizabeth
  Gordon
• English Workshop, 5th course, from Holt,
  Rinehart, and Winston
• Writers Inc., from Write Source