Parts of Speech

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Parts of Speech

• Basic elements of a language

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Nouns

• What they are and how they work

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Definition

• Words or groups of words that give a name to
• living creature (person, animal, plant)
• place
• thing
• idea
• quality
• activity

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Classifications of nouns

• Proper nouns
• Given name
• Always capitalized
• Common noun
• Never capitalized
• Count noun
• Non-count noun

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Count nouns

• Words that can be pluralized
• Common nouns
• Can appear in singular or plural form
• Could be accompanied by modifiers
• Articles, possessives, adjectives, etc.
• If singular must always have a modifier
• Envelope is on the desk.

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Non-count nouns

• Are always singular in form
• Even though they can represent many
• Never take a or an
• Use of the is limited
• Use it only if you are referring to something
  specific
• Other modifiers are acceptable if required
• Much water is being lost through pollution.
• My money was stolen.

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Activity 1 identify the nouns

• Quick Adapters More Likely to Succeed
• Thinking fast on your feet, adapting to new
  technology, focusing on customers, and improving
  quality are the hallmarks of successful small
  businesses in today's uncertain economy. Those
  insights are based on a new Wells Fargo/Gallup
  survey that is used to formulate its quarterly
  index of small businesses' current and future
  economic expectations.
• The survey concludes that innovation is a
  critical focus of business owners looking to
  remain competitive.

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Activity 2 - In-Class

• Do the exercises that are on the worksheet your
  teacher gives you.
• Classify the nouns
• Classify according to count or non count
• Identify expressions according to count or non
  count
• Identify expression according to 2 or more count
  nouns
• Articles A vs AN according to pronunciation

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Collective Nouns

• name a group of things, animals, or persons.
• individual members of the group could be counted,
  but usually think of the group as a whole or as
  one unit.
• collective nouns must be identified in order to
  maintain subject-verb agreement.
• collective nouns are similar to non-countable
  nouns, and can be considered the opposite of
  countable nouns.

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Examples Collective Nouns

• The flock of geese spends most of its time in the
  pasture.
• The jury has been deliberating on the case for
  two days.
• The promotion committee meets every Wednesday
  afternoon.
• The class was startled by the sudden closure of
  the door.

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VERBS

• What they are and how they work

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Definition

• A word (or expression) that gives a name to an
  action
• ACTION VERB
• run, go, write, travel, think, get up
• A word ( or expression) that links ideas in a
  sentence
• LINKING VERB (verb of state)
• be, become, seem, look like

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Kinds of verbs

• Regular
• Past and past participle form are the same
• Add d or ed to base or simple form
• Pronunciation of ending depends on sound before
  d or ed.
• Irregular
• Different from base (simple) form
• Could be different past and past participle forms.

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Regular Verb Pronunciation Quiz
Look at the following list of words and classify
them into 3 categories d, t , id
work travel jump kiss decide rest
process register imply select satisfy compete
attract inspire locate recognize prepare audit
plan mix arrive list incorporate achieve
contribute fail stock duplicate warn value
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Irregular Verb Quiz
Write the past and past participle forms of the
following verbs
be drink go put spend begin eat have ride
steal build fall hold run swim buy feel keep
see take choose find know sell think come
fly leave sit wake cost get lose speak wear
do give pay spend win
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Six Verb forms

• Infinitive (V-inf)
• Base (simple) form (Vbf) or (Vsf)
• Present - 3rd person singular (Vs)
• Past (Vpast)
• Past Participle (Vpp)
• Present Participle (Ving)

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Auxiliary Verbs - Tense

• Help main verb express time frame
• BE, DO, HAVE, WILL
• Join verb form to give sentence time frame
• BE Ving or BE Vpp
• DO Vsf and WILL Vsf
• HAVE Vpp

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Tense Auxiliaries (cont.)

• What rule can you make for yourself?
• He is working now.
• They were traveling in June.
• I have gone there.
• He has rested well.
• They had seen the movie before.
• Does she speak French?
• We dont like Thai food.
• Didnt they finish the project?

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Auxiliary Verbs - Modal

• Help main verb express an idea
• suggestion, expectation
• regret
• ability, opportunity
• possibility
• obligation, necessity
• permission
• prohibition
• option, polite request,
• logical deduction

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Modal Auxiliaries ( cont.)

• Structure present or future
• Maux vsf
• He should see a doctor right now!
• They must come in early tomorrow.
• Structure past
• Maux have vpp
• We should have studied more.
• He must not have known about the class.

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Verb Tenses quiz

• How many verb tenses are there?
• What are they?
• What are the verb structures of these tenses?
• Do all the forms always need an auxiliary? i.e.
  present affirmative?
• Make a tense chart with your group.

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Time markers

• Expressions within a sentence that indicate the
  time frame we are referring to.
• Now, tomorrow, since 1990, 2 years ago, etc.
• In-class Activity
• Match the sentence with a time marker to make
  logical sentences.

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ADJECTIVES

• What you should know about them

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TWO KINDS OF ADJECTIVES

• DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES
• Describe a noun or pronoun
• Examples of descriptive adjectives?
• Come before the noun
• Examples?
• Come after the pronoun
• Examples?
• Can never be pluralized

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Descriptive Adjectives (cont)

• Two nouns together?
• First noun becomes the adjective so cannot be
  plural. Notice
• The policies of the company on absenteeism are
  strict.
• Which are nouns?
• Compare
• Company policies on absenteeism are strict.
• Employee benefits are quite generous, though.

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Descriptive Adjectives (cont)

• Comparative form
• adjective er . . .
• than
• more adjective . . .
• as adjective as (can I use than?)

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Descriptive Adjectives (cont)

• Superlative form
• adjective est
• the
• most adjective

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Demonstrative Adjectives

• Demonstrate which one or ones
• this presentation
• that desk
• these exercises
• those people
• What is the difference?

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Possessive Adjectives

• Can be a proper name with an apostrophe
• Johns, Marshas, Charles
• Things, cities cant be used in possessive
• But usually a substituting word
• My, your, his, her, their, etc.

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VERBAL ADJECTIVES

• Adjectives formed from verbs
• Present participle form (VING)
• The noun causes or provokes in some way
• The exhausting marathon
• Past Participle form (ED or irregular)
• The noun is affected in some way
• The exhausted runners

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Difference ed and ing adjectives

• Look at the following sentence
• The speaker entertained the audience.
• Whats the subject?
• This is the DOER
• Whats the verb?
• This is the ACTION
• Whats the object?
• This is the RECEIVER

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Describe . . .

• the DOER
• The speaker is entertaining
• the RECEIVER
• The audience is entertained
• Or we could say . . .
• The entertaining speaker
• The entertained audience

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Adjective Practice Activities

• Activity 1
• With a partner, identify the adjectives in each
  of the sentences of the worksheet.
• Activity 2
• Individually, use logical adjectives to re-write
  the text on your worksheet. You will have 10
  minutes to write it.
• Compare your version to a partners.

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ADVERBS

• What you should know about these

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Kinds of adverbs

• Of manner quickly, easily, fortunately
• Of frequency always, sometimes, never
• Of time once a week, every Saturday
• Of intensity very, quite, sufficiently
• Of place in the park, at the plant

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ADVERBS OF MANNER

• Describe HOW an action occurs
• Usually formed from the adjective ly
• Position in sentence can vary but they are mainly
  near the verb
• They quickly ran out of the building.
• They ran quickly out of the building.

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ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

• Describe HOW OFTEN an action occurs
• Always (100) , almost always
• usually, frequently, often
• occasionally, sometimes,
• rarely, seldom, hardly (ever)
• almost never, never (0)
• What is their position in a sentence?

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Examples

• The employees usually work on Saturday.
• I have never been absent from work.
• The results of this specific survey rarely
  demonstrate the reality.
• Always wear a hat when working in this area.
• Never leave without locking the safe.
• What rule can you make for yourself to help you
  remember this structure?

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Exceptions to the rule

• Sometimes, an affirmative frequency adverb can go
  before the subject like in this sentence.
• Other examples
• Usually, they have bagels with their coffee.
• Frequently, they are asked to be referees for the
  games.
• But, this rule applies only for standard English,
  not for academic English.

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However . . .

• Watch out for negative adverbs
• He rarely goes to parties. BUT
• Rarely does he go to parties.
• They had never experienced any accidents before
  this one. BUT
• Never had they experienced any accidents before
  this one.
• Whats the rule here?

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ADVERBS OF TIME

• Describe WHEN an action occurs
• Can be just one word
• Early, late, now, then, today, tomorrow
• Can be expressions
• Two days ago, next year, for a long time
• Position is at the beginning or at the end of the
  clause or sentence.

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Examples

• They go to the gym once a week.
• Once a year, they have a convention.
• The new branch opened yesterday.
• For the past three weeks, the firm has been
  standardizing policies.
• The secretary quit yesterday, but I have already
  found a replacement.

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ADVERBS OF INTENSITY

• Describe to what degree something is.
• Use with adjective and adverbs only, not with
  verbs
• Examples
• fairly, quite, rather, so, too, very,
  really(informal)
• I am very happy.
• The film was quite good.
• You did that rather well.
• Must you leave so soon?

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ADVERBS OF LOCATION

• Describe WHERE an actions occurs
• Can be just one word
• Here, there, ahead, back, forward, near, far
• Can be expressions
• In school, at work, near the office, by the table
• Position is mainly at the end of the clause or
  sentence but before the time adverb or expression.

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Examples

• I am going there tomorrow.
• He left his bicycle in the driveway last night.
• I know the office where she works.
• Tomorrow, Ill meet you here.
• They decided to hold their convention at the Las
  Vegas Convention Center.

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Adverb Activity

• Fill in the spaces with one of the adverbs
  located in the box above the text. It is
  possible to have more than one option because
  some adverbs have similar meanings, just be sure
  not to repeat an adverb.
• Be prepared to justify your answers.

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1st Review of Parts of Speech

• These first four parts of speech are considered
  the basic elements of a sentence. They contain
  the most important information and are therefore
  called word families.
• Do the activity on the worksheet to check your
  memory on what these words are.

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Pronouns

• Function
• Substitute a noun common, proper or collective
• Categories
• Subject
• Object
• Possessive
• Reflexive
• Relative

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Position of pronouns

• Depends on the type of pronoun
• Subject before verb
• Object after verb
• Relative - after the noun they substitute
• Possessive and Reflexive - vary

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Pronoun quiz
Make a chart similar to the one on this
transparency, and fill it in with the
corresponding pronouns (or adjectives)
SUBJECT OBJECT POSS ADJECTIVE POSS PRONOUN REFLEXIVE RELATIVE

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CONJUNCTIONS

• What you should know about them for the TOEIC

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Three general divisions

• Coordinating conjunctions
• Correlative conjunctions
• Subordinating conjunctions

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Coordinating conjunctions

• Purpose
• Join words, phrases or clauses within a sentence
• Examples
• and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
• For can also be a preposition.
• Functions

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AND

• Joins two similar ideas
• The director and the staff left early.
• Manufacturing the product and distributing it
  dont contribute to the profit of that company.
• The airline is looking to give benefits to its
  personnel and to its clients.
• That firm hired new personnel and it trained them
  accordingly.

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BUT

• Joins two contrasting ideas
• The Personnel Department, but not the Sales
  Department, had a convention last year.
• The committee presented its proposal but the
  director vetoed it.
• That plane took off on time, but this one didnt.

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YET

• Also joins two contrasting ideas
• More formal and elegant
• The weather was overcast, yet warm.
• I wasnt able to understand the speaker, yet my
  colleagues were.

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OR

• Joins two alternative ideas
• If you want, we can eat out or we can have dinner
  here.
• I cant travel right now why dont you send John
  or Peter?
• Walking or swimming are activities I practice on
  weekends.

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FOR

• Expresses a reason
• Can be used like because or because of
• He was sent to Canada for training.
• We have decided to move our headquarters for
  there are better tax breaks in Europe.
• She was awarded a gold watch for her 25 years of
  loyalty to the company.

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Correlative Conjunctions

• Sets of words that connect words, phrases and
  clauses.
• not only . . . but also
• Remember inverted structure with clauses
• neither . . . nor
• either . . . or
• both . . . and
• More common with words or expressions

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Subordinating Conjunctions

• Connect phrases to phrases
• Despite, in spite of, because of, due to, etc.
• Connect clauses to clauses
• Although, however, whereas, even if, because,
  therefore, in spite of the fact that, as long as,
  etc.

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WATCH OUT

• When using subordinating conjunctions remember
• Despite, in spite of, because of, due to, instead
  of, besides (without comma) are all followed by
  phrases
• Never put them before clauses (SBJVB)
• Because of he felt ill, he went home.
• Because his illness, he went home.

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Prepositions

• Accompany nouns
• of time
• of location
• of direction
• Verbs
• Phrasal verbs

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Types of prepositions

• Of time
• at
• in
• on
• before / after / by / to-from / since-for
• Of location
• at
• in
• on
• beneath / over / between / next to

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Types of Prepositions (cont.)

• Prepositions of direction and motion
• Usually accompanied by a verb to indicate the
  movement or direction
• at / on / in
• out of / into
• off
• from-to
• By

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Articles

• Definite article THE
• Defines the noun we use it with, makes it
  specific, rarely used with general and/or
  non-count nouns
• Indefinite articles A / AN
• Can be used only with singular, count nouns
• Use of one or the other depends on the sound of
  the noun it accompanies

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Article Activities

• Find the mistake in the following sentences and
  rewrite them correctly
• I have never heard of scientist not interested in
  looking for answers to the questions of life.
• Coriander appears to be a herb that is used the
  world over.
• Its not good idea to place metallic objects in
  microwave ovens.
• If you put in an hermetically-sealed container,
  there could be problem also.
• Complete the exercise with the correct article if
  it is needed.

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Interjections

• Words used to express a feeling
• Ouch!
• Wow!
• Gosh!
• By Jove!
• Oh