Week One: Development Studies

1
Week One Development Studies

• Ida Bastiaens
• Colin Clarke
• Bok-gyo Jeong (Jonathan)

2
Golden oldies

• - Barbara Ward, The Rich Nations and the Poor
  Nations
• - Emerson, From Empire to Nation

3
Barbara Ward, The Rich Nations and the Poor
Nations

• Context of the Cold War
• Emphasis on income gap b/t North and South
• Development as Modernization
• Savings (foreign and domestic) and Agricultural
  Reform key to Economic Growth
• Role of Colonialization in bringing modern ideas,
  technology, infrastructure
• LDCs have challenge of CHANGE and CHOICE

4
Barbara Ward, The Rich Nations and the Poor
Nations

• Chief point that distinguishes tribal and
  traditional society is that all the internal
  impulses to modernization have been lacking
  (51).
• Four Revolutions
• Biological
• Material
• Equality
• Science and Saving

5
Emerson (1960), From Empire to Nation

• Main themes
• The prospect of the world after imperialism
• The full assertion of nationalist claims in Asia
  and Africa
• An expansion of nationalism to the non-Western
  world.
• Ceylons progress to independence
• Nationalist effect i) an expansion of a popular
  and less Westernized political base ii)
  independent and leftward foreign policy from the
  Western influence, and iii) a division and
  conflicts in the original society
• Balance between traditional ways of life and the
  desire for the modern world
• traditionalist appeals (p. 367) national
  goals and values drawn from the past/ inertia and
  conservatism/ appeals to the traditionally minded
  rural and urban masses/ Gandhi as a
  traditionalist and religious leader
• Western oriented nationalist (p.369) the surge
  of the more dynamic modernist force/ modern
  minded Nehru

6
Emerson (1960), From Empire to Nation (Continued)

• The appeal of Communism in economic development
• A clash between democratic machines and the
  pressures of economic development
• A set of blueprints how the advanced countries
  can be overtaken
• The achievement of Soviet Union and China without
  surrender to the capitalist
• The attraction of Communism to the rising Asian
  and African countries the failure of
  non-Communist programs in such countries as
  India, Indonesia, Egypt, and Ghana made the
  Communism as alternative
• Disenchantment of Europe with nationalism
• Arnold Toynbee disastrous corruption poisoning
  the political life of modern Western society (p.
  378)
• Evil potentialities of nationalism Fascism,
  Nazism, and Japans imperialism

7
Emerson (1960), From Empire to Nation (Continued)

• Colonialism as the source or the condition for
  nationalism
• Created the conditions that made nationalism
  possible
• Made it appropriate response for the natives
  regain their self-esteem
• Imperial arrogance and racial discrimination of
  Western imperialists
• The virtues of nationalism in Asia and Africa
• It constitutes a potential widening of social and
  political horizons of people
• The open road to world peace
• Sun Yat-sen cosmopolitanism growing out of
  nationalism (p. 388)
• A wide-open gamble whether freedom and
  equality will be turned toward the end of world
  integration (p. 396)

8
Emerson (1960), From Empire to Nation (Continued)

• Acts of faith for Western aid
• Feasibility and desirability of development of a
  Western variety
• Economic benefits Benefit the trade and
  investment of the world
• Political benefits or consequences of development
• Stability Laying of stable foundations for
  unstable society
• Blocking Communist overturn Curbing the appeal
  of communism through i) winning of the good will
  of the non-Western peoples by the provision of
  aid and ii) eliminating the poverty and
  frustration which might otherwise lead countries
  into Communist camp
• Promoting peace Eliminating dangerous threats to
  the peace
• Cf. Skeptical view Great wars within the
  fraternity of the rich and developed countries
  (p. 415)/ Global clash between blocs of
  Washington and Moscow/ the coexistence of rich
  and poverty-stricken peoples in Asia and Africa
  is incompatible with peace

9
Emerson (1960), From Empire to Nation (Continued)

• International community merits and demerits
• Merits
• i) An organized international society guarantee
  peace
• ii) supervise the orderly liquidation of
  colonialism
• iii) provide for the pooling of resources to
  promote economic and social progress
• Demerits
• i) The danger of renewed subordination to the
  imperial West
• ii) The danger of satellite status in the
  Communist orbit

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Literary map
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(No Transcript)
12
Synthesis

• Concepts of development
• What is development?
• Historical context
• Underlying assumptions and themes
• Evolution of development theory
• Strategies of development
• Goals and actions to promote development
• Process of development
• Policy/political process of development
• Economic
• Social
• Environmental

13
Martinussen (ch. 1 and 3)

• Foundations of theories very important
• Traditional, economic, social, political
  structures in LDCs and DCs
• Development Concept, Theory, Strategy
• Concept what development is
• Theory how objectives are promoted, casuality
• Strategy actions used to promote objectives
• Initial Situation ? development process ?
  development objective
• Process influence by development strategy
• Conceptions of Development
• Economic growth, human development,
  modernization, dependency, dialectical
  transformation, capacity building, sustainable
  development, security, history

14
Isbister (ch. 1)

• LDCs are rapidly changing, but not necessarily
  for the better
• Plight of LDCs is economic, social, and political
• A betrayal of the promise of progress by
• Leaders of nationalist movements
• Freedom as key to progress
• Prosperity and dignity after colonialization
• Leaders of rich world
• DC policies not helpful, harmful
• Have a responsibility to inequities

15
Turner and Hulme (1997), Governance,
Administration Development (ch. 1 and 3)

• Main topic
• Exploring the complex and diverse context of
  development and public sector organizations
• How public sector organizations influence
  development policies and programmes
• Critical review on the dominant ideology of
  public-bad, private-good
• Underlying assumptions and themes
• Development is not neutral or value-free
  phenomena
• The importance of organizational environment
• The importance of political considerations in
  administrative analysis and practice

16
Turner and Hulme (1997) (Continued)

• Contemporary themes in development administration
• Limited governments capacity
• Pluralistic properties of public administration
• Participation as an important component
• Social context
• Uncertainties and contingencies
• Renewed pressure for a greater productivity and
  responsiveness of government
• Policy Process
• Third World Policy process
• society centered (social class analysis,
  pluralism, and public choice)
• state centered (rational actor, bureaucratic
  politics, and state interests)
• Participation in the policy making process
• Politics of implementation
• Rejection of the linear model of policy reform
• Suggestion of the interactive model of policy
  implementation

17
Staudt (1991), Managing Development (ch. 1)

• Integrate development into the concept of
  management
• Internationalize studies of public administration
  and politics
• Development management
• Development management focus moves beyond
  politics and policy-making into organization for
  action. (p.1)
• Putting policies into practice
• Stressing political context and process
• Development as a collective endeavor

18
What is Political Economy? A Study of Social
Theory and Underdevelopment (Staniland)

• Analyzes the connection between politics and
  economics and how it works
• Examines the moral, political, and explanatory
  critiques of social science
• Recognizes the importance of non-economic factors
  

19
The Rise and Fall of Development Theory (Leys)

• Traces the evolution of development theory and
  comments on the impact of figures including J.M.
  Keynes, Marx, and Hegel
• Highlights the tug of war between modernization
  theory and dependency theory
• What is the role of capitalism in development?

20
References

• Martinussen, John. Society, State and Market A
  Guide to Competing Theories of Development.
  (London Zed Press, 1997). ch 1,3
• Turner, Mark and David Hulme. Governance,
  Administration and Development Makingthe State
  Work. (West Hartford Kumarian, 1997). ch 1,3
• Staudt, Kathleen. Managing Development State,
  Society and International Contexts. (Newbury
  Park Sage, 1991). ch 1
• IsbisterJohn. Promises not Kept The Betrayal of
  Social Change in the Third World. (West Hartford
  Kumarian, 1993). ch 1
• Staniland, Martin. What is Political Economy? A
  Study of Social Theory and Underdevelopment. (New
  Haven Yale University Press, 1985). ch 1-2
• Leys, Colin. The Rise and Fall of Development
  Theory. (Bloomington Indiana University Press,
  1996). ch 1,9
• Ward, Barbara, The Rich Nations and the Poor
  Nations, ch 2,4,5
• Emerson, From Empire to Nation, ch 18-20.