Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism Unifications, expansions and decline

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Nationalism, Imperialism, MilitarismUnifications,
expansions and decline

• Road to Industrialization
• Unification of Germany Italy
• Empires of Ottoman, Qing, Meijii, and Romanovs

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Related to Industrial Revolution

• Zollverin
• Trade organizations formed by Prussia to unite
  the Germanic city states
• Bismarck
• Prussian Junker
• Aristrocrat
• Realpolitik politics based on practical matters
  rather than on theory
• Blood and Iron

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(No Transcript)
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Otto Von Bismarck5 Step Plan to achieve
unification

• Prussian Aristocratic landowner (Junker) and
  Chancelor of Prussia then later Germany under
  Whilhelm I
• Secure Russian neutrality(achieved by assisting
  in the Polish affair of 1863)
• With Austria as a ally, he made war with
  Denmark in 1864, in order to gain the
  Schleswig-Holstein territory over which he,
  Bismarck, would later go to war with Austria
• He needed to secure Napoleon III's neutrality
  against Austria by deceiving him into thinking
  that he would receive compensations for France
  when the war was over.
• Next he defeated Austria in 1866, but took no
  territory, thereby insuring Austria's friendship
  in the coming war with France
• Lastly, engineer the Hohenzollern candidacy of
  Leopold for King of Spain, thus provoking France
  to declare war in 1870.
• (Publication of Ems dispatch)

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Ethnocentric region

• Grosses Deutchland
• All germanic regions
• Most of central Europe
• Kleines Deutchland
• Excludes Austrian regions
• Hitler annexes these regions in Germany before
  WWII begins
• Austria first known as the Anschluss
• Czechloslovakia second Sudentenland

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Danish War

• Christian IX Came to the Danish Throne
• Denmark Attempted to Annex Schleswig
• Prussia and Austria Declared War on Denmark
• Prussia and Austria Received Joint Ownership of
  Schleswig and Holstein
• Gives Prussia and Austria something to fight over

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7 Weeks War

• Bismarck Persuaded Napoleon III to Remain Neutral
  If War Developed Between Austria and Prussia
• Bismarck Formed an Alliance with Italy
• Bismarck Provoked Austria into Declaring War on
  Prussia
• Austria Surrendered its Rule of Holstein to
  Prussia

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Franco-Prussian War

• The North German Confederation Was Formed
• France Declared War on Prussia
• The Southern German States Became Allies of
  Prussia
• The German Empire Was Proclaimed at Versailles

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Results

• The Treaty of Frankfurt
• The Treaty of Frankfurt was signed on May 10,
  1871.
• France lost Alsace-Lorraine.
• Had to pay an indemnity of 4 Billion.
• Germany would occupy France until the reparations
  were paid.
• This went against Bismarcks wishes.

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Stages
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Italian Unification

• 1848- Rebellions in Sardinia, the Kingdoms of the
  Two Sicilies and Tuscany
• 1849- Austrian rule was overthrown in Lombardy
  and Venetia
• -Republic was established in Rome
• -Rebellions were put down in all but Sardinia
• 1852-Cavour becomes chief minister of Sardinia
• 1858-Cavour and Napoleon made a secret agreement
  to fight Austria
• 1859- Sardinia gains Lombardy in war between
  Sardinia and Austria
• 1860-Sardinia annexed Parma, Modena, Tuscany and
  Romagna.
• -Garibaldi seized Sicliy and Naples
• -Garibaldi and Cavour agreed to the establishment
  of a Kingdom of Italy
• -Elections created unification. Rome and Venetia
  excluded
• 1866-Italy gained Venetia in the Seven Weeks War.
• 1870- Franco-Prussian War forced Napoleon III to
  withdraw his troops from Rome
• -Roman citizens voted for union with Italy.
• - Rome was then proclaimed the capital of the
  kingdom of Italy
• -Unification was complete.

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Unification

• Frequent Rebellions
• Elections
• Manipulative Leaders
• Revolutions
• Nationalistic Movements
• Secret Societies
• Wars
• Secret Negotiations
• Secret Agreements
• Strong Leaders
• Various Stages
• Outside Influences
• Outside factors

Garibaldis Red Shirts
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Holding it together

• Was inexperienced in self-government
• Traditions and independence separated different
  regions
• Tensions grew between the industrialized north
  and the agricultural south
• Development of the Mafia (a state within a state)
  
• Attempts at military and territorial growth led
  to inflation and heavy taxes
• Although unified, Italy had not achieved stability

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Revolutions and National States

• The Consolidation of National States in Europe
• The Unification of Italy and Germany
• Cavour and Garibaldi
• Otto Von Bismarck

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Nation States

• Unification of Italy was a revolutionary movement
  that was liberal (came from below)
• Unification of Germany was a conservative and
  reactionary movement (manipulations of the
  Junkers)
• Unification of Italy came in stages
• Red Shirts of Garibaldi
• Count Cavour of Sardinia
• Risorgemento resurgance of the will of the
  people
• Italian States joined together in 1861 with the
  final vote to include Rome in 1870
• German unification was the result of
  manipulations of Otto Von Bismark
• Zollverin
• German trade organizations created to facilitate
  trade between the Germanic states

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Revolutions of 1848 totaling 82

• Western Europe primarily revolted for liberal
  reasons
• Central and Southern Europe primarily revolted
  for nationalistic reasons
• Hungary 1848
• French in 1848 the Second Republic
• Baden 1848
• Bavaria 1848
• Hanover 1848
• Saxony 1848
• Czech 1848
• Milan 1848
• Lombardy 1848
• Venetia 1848
• Palermo 1848
• Underlying Causes
• Failure to address the economic and social
  problems
• Significant food shortages
• Liberal and Nationalistic Movements
• Radical proposals from groups like the Utopian
  Socialists

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Industrial Revolution the major factor in the
changes

• If you did not keep up as an empire you were
  doomed
• Adaptation
• Reaction to the change caused the conflict
• Lots of justification for change
• isms

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Crimean War

• 1854-1856 (post Year of Revolutions of 1848)
• British, French, Kingdom of Sardinia and Ottomans
• Russians and Bulgarians
• Siege of Sevastopol began with mostly a naval
  battle in the Crimea continued as a blockade of
  access for the Russians
• Battles in the Baltic Sea
• Battles in the pacific
• Charge of the Light Brigade Battle of Balaclava
  trying to break the Seige of Sevastopol
• Lord Byrons into the Valley of death cannons
  to the right of them, cannons to the left of them

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Related to Industrial Revolution

• Florence Nightingale
• Seeds of the Red Cross
• New weapons loading techniques
• Signaled the need for new types of war strategies
• Telegraph used
• 1st real use of Railways
• War photographs
• Lastly undermined the coalition of European
  states known as the Concert of Europe, leaving
  Austria without allies

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Divided Authority in the Austrian and Ottoman
Empires
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1867 Compromise
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AugsleichCompromise creating Dual-Monarchy

• The Crimean War destroyed the alliances made by
  the Concert of Europe, leaving Austria without
  allies
• The Compromise of 1867 was a set of concessions
  made by the Austrian rulers to their Hungarian
  subjects, who were fiercely nationalistic.
• This compromise created the dual monarchy of
  Austria-Hungary.
• Each of these two components of the empire now
  had its own constitution, its own legislature,
  its own government bureaucracy, and its own
  capital.
• Holding the two states together were a single
  monarch (Francis Joseph was both Emperor of
  Austria and King of Hungary) and a common army,
  foreign policy, and system of finances.
• This allowed Hungary to become somewhat of an
  independent nation (at least in domestic
  affairs), yet preserved the Austrian Empire,
  which was renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

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Dual MonarchyAustro-Hungarian Empire
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1800 Russia

• Alexander I , Nicholas II, Alexander II, III
  Nicholas II
• Attack of the liberals
• Decembrist Revolt of 1825
• Expansion
• Attempt at industrialization
• Crimean War to protect the Slavs in the Balkans
• Russification or attempts to make the peoples in
  the areas that Russia expanded to become Russia
  (language, religion)
• Emancipation of the serfs but still made them
  pay for it under Alexander II in March 1861
• Extremism under Alexander III 1881
• Okhrana another phase of the secret police of
  Russia began by Ivan IV
• Police state has a large military supported by
  control of communication which requires a
  sophisticated secret police

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Growth of Population made Russia appear to be a
threat

• The population of Russia quadrupled from 40
  million to 165 million between 1815 and 1914.
• The majority of this population was concentrated
  in European Russia.
• It was in European Russia that many of the major
  historical developments occurred, and it was here
  where Russias two major cities,Moscow and the
  capital St Petersburg were situated.
• The size of Russia gave the false impression that
  it was an Empire of great strength.
• Due to the variety of races, languages, religions
  and cultures, the Russian Government found it
  difficult to control its people.
• Pogoms
• Russification
• Pan-Slavism
• Slavophils

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Nicholas I - Autocrat

• went to war against Persia in 1826 and acquired
  Kazakhstan and Turkistan
• went to war against Poland in 1830 and expanded
  the Empire into the Caucasus
• helped Austria to put down a revolution in
  Hungary in 1848-1849
• went to war against Turkey in 1853 to follow his
  policy of expansion in the Balkans. Britain and
  France intervened on the side of the Turks this
  led to a disastrous defeat for Russia in the
  Crimea War. (1853-1856)

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The Tsarist Government

• Article I of the Fundamental Laws of the
  Empire, issued by Nicholas I in 1832, declared
  The Emperor of all the Russias is an autocratic
  and unlimited monarch. God himself ordains that
  all must bow to his supreme power, not only out
  of fear but also out of conscience. Lynch,
  Reactions and Revolutions Russia 1881-1924,
  Hodder Stoughton, London, 1992

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Slow Industrial and economic development

• The sheer size of Russia
• Its underdeveloped transport system
• The absence of an effective banking system
• Lack of access to capital for investment in
  industry that had stimulated growth in industry
  in other countries.
• These factors discouraged the rise of
  entrepreneurialism and the expansionist attitude
  that had seen the heavy industrialisation of
  other countries such as Germany, Britain and the
  USA.
• Russia did have small scale industry such as iron
  production in the Urals and textiles in Moscow
  and St Petersburg.

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Peasantry

• Serfdom (slavery) was abolished in 1861 leaving
  the peasants free to own land, but unable to
  afford it.
• There were attempts to educate the peasants, but
  these were undermined by the ruling class who
  were fearful that this might threaten their own
  privileges.
• Therefore peasants were
• Mostly illiterate
• Deeply conservative and resistant to change
• For the most part living in extreme poverty due
  to the social, political and economic
  backwardness of imperial Russia.

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The Problem of Reform

• Many of the ruling class accepted that major
  reform was needed, however there were barriers to
  reform
• Differences in views between westerners and
  slavophiles.
• Westerners to remain a great nation, Russia must
  adopt the best features of the political and
  economic systems of the advanced countries of
  Western Europe.
• Slavophiles regarded western values as
  corrupting and urged that the nation should
  preserve itself as holy Russia retaining its
  slav culture and separate historical tradition.

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Nicholas I

• Constantine his brother was heir and suppose to
  be czar
• Decembrist revolt 1825
• Return control of serfs to government
• Set up 5 ministers only to advise Czar
• Slavophils
• Imprisoned Westernizers
• Nihilists

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Significant periods of reform in Russia were a
response to some national crisis or humiliation

• Alexander II ascended to the throne at the time
  of Russias defeat at the hands of France and
  Britain in the Crimean War.
• This shock prompted him to make the following
  reforms
• Emancipation of serfs in 1861
• Many attempts on his life by the nihilists
• His son, Alexander (III), is present as his
  fathers carriage is blown up

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The intelligentsia

• The greater freedom of expression allowed by the
  relaxation of censorship encouraged the
  development of an intelligentsia a cross
  section of educated and more enlightened members
  of Russian society.
• Alexander II hoped that his reforms would attract
  the intelligentsia as allies.
• This may have succeeded, however by the 1870s,
  fearing he had gone too far with his reforms,
  Alexander II largely abandoned his reformist
  policies, leaving many of the intelligentsia
  feeling betrayed.
• This feeling of betrayal turned a significant
  number of them toward thinking of revolution.

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Alexander II

• Emancipation of serfs 1861
• Assassination

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Alexander III

• Jewish Pogroms following the assassination of his
  father Alexander II
• Increase in the size of the Pale created by
  Catherine the Great
• Pale is the buffer zone between Russia and Europe
  mostly eastern Poland
• beyond the pale

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History of Secret Police

• oprichnina secret units used by Ivan IV
• The era in the 1550s during which Ivan IV (the
  Terrible) brutally punished and decimated the
  boyar class.
• Okhara
• Cheka 1917 - 1922
• GPU (Gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie)
• KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti)
• Committee for State Security. The predominant
  security police organization since its
  establishment in 1954.
• Federal Security Service

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State Terrorism

• Cheka 1917 1921
• period known as the Red Terror
• The Cheka later developed into NKVD (Peoples
  Commissariat of Domestic Affairs)
• then into the MGB (Ministry for State Security)
• and then into the infamous KGB (Committee for the
  State Security), the dreaded repression machine
  that executed and imprisoned tens of millions of
  Russians.
• Now it is Federal Security Service

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Nicholas II

• Last of the Romanovs
• Alexandra
• Granddaughter of Victoria
• Cousin to Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Russian Revolution of 1905
• Bloody Sunday
• Creates the Duma
• Army supports the Czar instead of the revolution
  so not as successful
• France helps Russia by loaning money

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Causes for Peace

• International Red Cross/Crescent
• Olympics
• Nobel Peace Prize
• World Court in the Hague