Reaction and Nationalism

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Reaction and Nationalism

• Chap 15

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Unification of Italy

• Nationalism became a powerful force in Europe in
  the 1800s . Germans and Italians wanted to see
  Unification take place in their countries.
• Risorgimento- resurgence or revival Italian word
  used for unification. Giuseppe Mazzini-founded a
  group called Young Italy. He wanted to form one
  nationality.He and his group led an uprising in
  Sicily. Later the uprising grew and spread
  against Austrian control. King Charles Albert of
  Sardinia even joined in to fight against the
  Austrians. The Pope with his troops was fighting
  the Austrians until he with drew and the
  Austrians won back control. The pope was expelled
  and later returned with the help of French
  forces. The people turned to King Charles for
  Unification

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King Charles Albert of Sardinia
Giuseppe Mazzini
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Unification of Italy

• King Charles son Victor Emmanuel II becomes King
  of Sardinia(1849).Count Camillo di Cavour helped
  Victor keep the unification alive. He (the count)
  allied Sardinia with Britian and France when he
  joined them in the Crimean War. (This est.
  equality with other warring nations, also
  Sardinia was admitted into the congress of Paris.
• The Count met with Napoleon III and the French
  leader promised help in case of war with Austria.
  War began and the French sent 120,000 troops, the
  French lost many soldiers. Napoleon III signed a
  treaty with Austrias Francis Joseph. The count
  demanded that Sardinia still fight the people
  keep fighting.(Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna).

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Victorias Cross
Florence Nightingale
Crimean war medal
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Napoleon III
Emperor Francis Joseph
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Victor Emmanuel II
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• Giuseppe Garibaldi- he was going to unite Italy
  from the south to the north. He gained control of
  the whole island of Sicily and moved to take
  Naples. Naples fell The Count Cavour sent troops
  into the papal states and took them. Garibaldi
  surrendered his troops and command and the whole
  Peninsula was under the command of one Gov.
  Except for Rome and Venetia.
• Soon after unification Count Cavour died last
  words Italy is made. All is safe.Problems were
  still around cultural difference between north
  and south(gap in standard of living), Sardinia
  tried to force laws and customs on Italian
  states, civil wars location of capital.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Sec. 2
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Steps toward German Unification

• 1815 39 German states the most powerful of the 39
  was Austria and Prussia.
• Scared of French expansion Congress of Vienna
  created German Unification.(1815)
• The loosely tied confederation was governed by a
  diet(assembly) in Frankfurt Austria.
• Prussia and Austria come in conflict over
  headship of the diet.
• The German states form a Zollverein- economic
  union which reduced trade barriors (1834)
• 1848 revolution swept Europe, 1849 Prussia forces
  closure of the assembly.

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Steps toward German Unification

• 1861 William I becomes King of Prussia and wants
  a strong Military . Liberals see a strong
  military as a tool to control the people.
• King William appoints Otto von Bismark as Prime
  Minister(of Prussia).He believed in realpolitik-
  the right of the nation-state to pursue its own
  advancement by any means, including war and the
  repudiation of treaties.
• 1862 he defies the assemble and collects taxes
  himself for his new army.
• Bismark plans to unify Germany by taking over the
  German states except for Austria and switzerland

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Otto von Bismark
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Steps toward German Unification

• Prussia and Austria go to war with Denmark in
  1864 due to Denmark trying to take control of
  Schleswig and Holstein. Austria and Prussia win
  Austria obtains Holstein and Prussia received
  Schleswig.
• Seven weeks War between Prussia and Austria June
  15, 1866 the war was over Holstein and the
  Unification of Germany with Austria out of the
  Process and Prussia in charge of the
  Unification.Bismark was a hero for creating the
  North German Confederation in 1867
• Franco-Prussian war- France opposed united
  Germany unless France received some territory

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Steps toward German Unification

• Fighting began july 19 1870, due to a falsified
  telegram from the French ambassador and William I
  of Prussia. Bismark changed the telegram to make
  it look like William insulted the French and war
  Began. Germany defeated the French.
• January 18, 1871William I assumed title of kaiser
  (emperor ) of a unified Germany and Bismark
  became chancellor (chief minister)

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Bismarks realm

• Kulturkampf- cultural struggle , between the
  church and state. The catholic church starts the
  center party to protest the protestant Prussians.
  Bismark viewed Catholicism as a antinationalist
  force
• He expells the Jesuits because he see them as
  agents to destroy German Unification (1872)
• German legislature passes May laws which deprive
  Catholic bishops of much authority
• Pope Pius IX declares laws invalid and breaks
  diplomatic ties with Germany
• The center party strengthens and Bismark seeks to
  make peace with catholics.

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Pope Pius IX
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Industrial growth

• Development of deep-pit coal mining made
  available large reserves for fuel for plants
• Many young men and women came into the cities to
  work
• Germany gave to some people a high standard of
  living
• Every improvement in machinery reduced wages
• Workers lived in filthy houses and worked long
  hours under

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Bismark takes on the Socialist

• Ferdinand Lassalle- founded the Universal
  workingmens association 1863. He advocated mass
  political action. He died in a duel in 1864. His
  party merged with the social democratic party in
  1875 which became a major party.
• In 1878 Bismark introduced a bill to ban all
  socialist meetings and publications. He wanted
  the workers to know that the gov. had their
  interest at heart. He passed the sickness
  insurance law 1883-gave limited compensation to
  those who missed work. 1889 old age insurance.
  The socialists were not pushed out they won 35
  seats in 1890

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The fall of Bismarck

• 1888 Kaiser William I died at age 91
• Fredrick III takes over but dies 100 days after
  coronation.
• William II takes over in 1888 at age 29. He
  supported Militarism. He disagreed with Bismarck
  over who should run political affairs. Bismarck
  threatened to resign and William II accepted

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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Empire of the Czars

• Russian History-Alexander I 1801 to 1825wanted
  for a brief time to improve Russias system of
  Gov. granted a constitution to Poland. When he
  died suddendly the transfer of power was
  uncertain so a military revolt took place.
  (Decembrist revolt)
• Nicholas I He gave secret police unlimited
  power to arrest and imprison people. Nicholas
  became too ill and he died.
• Alexander II Russia lagged behind the other
  countries military and economically.He
  emancipated the serfs March 3, 1861. He did this
  so they could work in the factories. Many
  peasants gave up farming and moved to the city.
  Also a new system of Local government was created
  called zemstvos-locally elected assemblies.
  Alexander II became know as the liberator

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Radical reformers

• Michael Bakunin- he wanted anarchy- the absence
  of gov. , and called for the complete destruction
  of the state, the family, law, property
• Nihilists-also rejected tradition, believing that
  Russia would have to destroy the Czar and est. a
  new society.
• Populism- believed that the peasants would
  overthrow the czar and est. a socialist society.
• Other radicals plotted the assassinations of Czar
  Alexander II . A young revolutionary killed
  Alexander II by throwing a bomb at him.

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• Czar Alexander III- he maintained a strict rule
  and took more power for himself. He reduced the
  powers of the Zemstvos, restored citizenship, and
  extended the powers of the secret police. He
  introduced Russification- it became a policy of
  intolerance against non-Russians. Anyone who
  spoke out against the Czar or spoke another
  language or practiced any but the eastern
  orthodox religion risked prosecution

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Revolution of 1905

• Nicholas II took over after Alexander III. He was
  easily influenced by his wife Empress
  Alexandra.Peasants grew dissatifiedmiddle class
  pushed for a constitutional monarchy. Peasant
  life in the city was horrible so were the working
  conditions.
• Mensheviks -believed that Russia needed to
  develop into a industrial state with a sizable
  working class
• Bolsheviks- led by Vladimir Ilyich
  Ulyanov(Lenin)believed that a smaller party of
  professional revolutionaries could use force to
  bring a socialist society.

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upheavals

• Russia goes to war with Japan 1904Russia lost
  many ships and soldiers. Peace agreement in 1905.
• January 22, 1905 200,000 workers marched in peace
  to the palace and were shot at by soldiers
  (bloody Sunday)
• October 1905 angry workers seized control of
  major cities in a general strike.Nicholas created
  a national Duma(legislature) it was to serve as a
  advisory council.
• He issued the October manifesto-granting civil
  rights to citizens and allowing the Duma to make
  laws.WORLD WAR I would soon bring revolution to
  Russia