THE SKELETON

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THE SKELETON
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Objectives

• Identify the bones that articulate at different
  joints in the body.
• Name the 6 types of synovial joint and give
  examples of each.
• Describe the structure and function of parts of a
  synovial joint.
• Be able to classify joints according the movement
  they allow.
• Use technical language to describe common joint
  movements.
• Analyse sporting techniques in terms of joint
  movements.

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• The human skeleton consists of 206 bones. Many of
  which move or hinge at joints. In conjunction
  with over 600 muscles these bones enable the
  human body to achieve a variety of movements.
• The functions of the skeletal system include -
• To provide a lever system against which muscles
  can pull.
• To provide a large surface area for the
  attachment of muscles.
• To protect delicate organs such as the brain.
• To give shape to the body.
• To give support to the body.
• To manufacture red blood cells and to store fat
  calcium and phosphate.
• Click here- label the skeleton and print it out
  for you file

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AXIAL APPENDICULAR SKELETON

• The bones of the body are grouped into two major
  divisions.
• The axial skeleton consists of the bones, which
  lie around the longitudinal axis of the body.
  These include the SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN,
  STERNUM RIBS.
• The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones
  of the LIMBS, PECTORAL (shoulder) GIRDLE,
  PELVIC (hips) GIRDLE.

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JOINTS

• Joints are where two or more bones articulate
  (move).
• Joints are classified according to how much
  movement they allow.
• 1. Fibrous these are fixed or immovable joints
  such as the cranium, sacrum and the coccyx.
• 2. Cartilaginous these are slightly movable
  joints such as the vertebrae.
• 3. Synovial these are freely movable joints
  such as the shoulder and hip.

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Synovial joints

• In PE these are the most important joints.
• There are 6 types of synovial joint.
• 1. Ball socket hip and shoulder.
• 2. Hinge knee, elbow and ankle.
• 3. Pivot radio-ulna, atlas/axis.
• 4. Saddle thumb.
• 5. Condyloid wrist.
• 6. Gliding between vertebrae in spine.
• Click here and complete the matching exercise

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Ball socket joints

• The hip joint
• The head of the femur fits into a deep cavity
  called the acetabulum on the pelvic bone.
• This deep cavity gives the hip joint stability.
• The presence of strong ligaments add to the
  stability making it difficult to dislocate the
  hip.

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• The shoulder joint
• The head of the humerus fits into a shallow
  cavity on the scapula called the glenoid fossa.
• The shoulder is the most mobile joint in the body
  but is also fairly unstable because of the
  shallow cavity.
• Stability is improved by ligaments and muscles.

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Hinge Joints

• The knee joint
• In the knee joint the femur articulates with the
  tibia.
• The patella (knee cap) helps to give a better
  angle of pull.
• The fibula is not part of the knee joint and so
  the tibia is the weight bearing bone.

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• The elbow joint
• In the elbow the humerus articulates with the
  radius and the ulna.
• Movement can only occur in one plane.

• The ankle joint
• In the ankle the talus articulates with the tibia
  and fibula.
• Ligaments provide stability to the joint.

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The pivot joint

• The radio-ulna
• In this joint the radius and ulna articulate
  within the elbow joint.
• This joint allows the elbow some twisting
  movement (pronation supination.

• Atlas/axis
• In this joint the atlas and axis bones articulate
  to allow a rotation movement as in shaking your
  head.

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Condyloid and gliding joints

• The spine
• The spine has five areas and has to fulfil many
  functions such as weight bearing stability and
  support.
• There are three type of joint in the spine but
  for A level the main one to know is the gliding
  joints between the vertebral arches.

• The wrist
• In this joint the radius and ulna bones
  articulate with 3 of the carpal bones.

What have you learnt? Click here to complete
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document Complete and add to your notes
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Features of a synovial joint

• Synovial joint have a number of common features.

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Play the matching card game to make sure you know
these features
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Movements around a joint

• All synovial joints can move freely but the
  amount and type of movements which occur at each
  joint varies.
• Many of the movements occur in pairs they are
  the opposite of each other.
• Technical terms to describe the movements you
  need to know include-

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What have you learnt?Click on the links to
review your learning

• Walk the plank
• Penalty shoot out
• Fling the teacher
• Crossword exercise