APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON

• BONES TO KNOW 2
• REVIEW

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ascaphoid blunate ctriquetral dpisiform
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ahamate bcapitate ctrapezium dtrapezoid
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acalcaneus btalus cnavicular dcuboid einterme
diate cuneiform flateral cuneiform gmedial
cuneiform
g
f
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Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)
Figure 7.22a
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Clavicles (Collarbones)
Figure 7.22b, c
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Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Figure 7.22d, e
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Humerus of the Arm
Figure 7.23
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Bones of the Forearm
Figure 7.24
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Hand
Figure 7.26a
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Pelvic Girdle

• Formed by 2 hip bones (ossa coxae).
• These are large and heavy bones attached securely
  to the axial skeleton.
• The sockets (Acetabulums) that connect the thigh
  bones are deep and heavily reinforced by
  ligaments.
• Most important function is bearing the total
  weight of the upper body.
• Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and parts
  of the large intestine lie within.

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Hip Bones

• Each hip bone is formed by the fusion of 3 bones
  ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
• Ilium- forms most of hip bone. When you rest your
  hands on your hips they are on your alae (wing
  like projection)
• Iliac crest important for intramuscular injection
  sites.

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Hip Bones

• Ischium- sit down bone
• Greater sciatic notch allows blood and the large
  sciatic nerve to pass from pelvis to thigh.
  Buttocks Injections should be far away from here.
• Pubis- pubic bone
• Obturator foramen opening that allows blood
  vessels and nerves to pass into anterior thigh.
• Pubic Symphysis Pubic bones of each hip fuse to
  form cartilaginous joint

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Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
obturator foramen
Figure 7.27a
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Pelvis Lateral View
Figure 7.27b
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Ilium Medial View
Figure 7.27c
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Characteristic Female Male
Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and smoother Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings
Pubic arch/angle 8090 5060
Acetabula Small farther apart Large closer together
Sacrum Wider, shorter sacral curvature is accentuated Narrow, longer sacral promontory more ventral
Coccyx More movable straighter Less movable curves ventrally
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Male
Female
Image from Table 7.4
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Thigh

• Femur- heaviest and strongest bone
• Neck of femur is a common fracture site,
  especially in old age.
• Head of femur articulates with the acetabulum of
  the hip bone

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Femur
Figure 7.28b
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Leg bones

• Two bones Tibia and Fibia
• Connected by interosseous membrane
• Tibia shinbone, larger and more medial
• Medial and lateral condyles articulate with
  femur.
• Kneecap ligaments attach to tibial tuberosity
• Fibula
• Takes no part in forming the knee joint.
• Lateral malleous forms outer part of ankle

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Tibia and Fibula
Figure 7.29
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Foot

• Composed of tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
• 2 important functions
• Support our weight
• Propel our bodies forward when we walk or run.

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Bones of feet

• Tarsals- ankle bones
• 7 bones total
• Metatarsals- soles of the foot
• 5 total
• Phalanges- bones of the toes
• 14 total (3 per toe except for the greater toe
  which only has 2)

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Tarsals

• Body weight is carried mostly by the two largest
  Calcaneus (heel bone) and talus (ankle bone)
• Last 5 are Navicular, medial cuneiform,
  intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and
  cuboid.

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Metatarsus and Phalanges
Figure 7.31a
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Tarsus
Figure 7.31b, c
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Arches of Foot

• 3 strong arches 2 longitudinal and 1
  transverse.
• Ligaments which connect foot bones and tendons of
  foot muscles help hold foot bones firmly in
  arched position.
• Weak arches fallen arches or flat feet

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