1' What is taxonomy How did it develop

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1. What is taxonomy? How did it develop?

• Taxonomy is the branch of biology dealing with
  the identification and naming of organisms.
• The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle
  apparently began the discussion on taxonomy.
• His disciple, Theophrastus, first classified
  trees, shrubs and herbs (300 BC)
• Medicinal plants and animals used for food first
  to be named.

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2. What was the age of exploration? Why
important?

• 16th 17th century age of exploration, Hudson,
  Magellen, etc, toured world and brought back new
  specimens to name.
• Greatly expanded our knowledge of the plant and
  animal world.
• Darwins voyage knowledge from age of
  exploration and his own work to form theories of
  natural selection.

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3. Which scientists were involved in more modern
taxonomy?

• British naturalist John Ray is credited with
  revising the concept of naming and describing
  organisms. 1700s
• Swedish botanist Carolus Linneus (1700)classified
  all known organisms into two large groups the
  kingdoms Plantae and Animalia.
• Robert Whittaker in 1969 proposed five kingdoms
  Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.

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What is the Linnean classification system?What
is the binomial system Linneaus used?

• Linnean hierarchical classification was based on
  the premise that the species was the smallest
  unit, and that each species (or taxon) belonged
  to a higher category.
• Each group organized by common characteristics.

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4. Cont

• Linneus also developed the concept of binomial
  nomenclature so scientists speaking and writing
  different languages could communicate clearly.
• Latin was used, (which was the language of
  learned men at that time)
• Each individual given 2 specific names
• Genus species
• For example Man in English is Hombre in Spanish,
  Herr in German, Ren in Chinese, and Homo in
  Latin.

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5. What are the main groups of living things?
Explain the 5 kingdom system.

• Name characteristics
• Monera Prokaryotic, single cell, multiple
  energy input
• Protista Eukaryotic, single cell, multiple
  energy input
• Fungi Eukaryotic, multicell, detrivore
• Plantae Eukaryotic, multicell, autotroph
• Animalia Eukaryotic, multicell, heterotroph

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6. How do we classify living things? How would
humans be classified?

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species

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7. Be able to give the correct order for human
classification?

• Level classification for humans
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species sapiens

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8. List examples of other living things in the
same type of categories as humans.

• Animalia?
• Chordata?
• Mammalia?
• Primate?
• Hominidae?
• Homo?
• Sapiens?

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Answers to 8

• Animalia? Any other animal
• Chordata? All animals with vertebrae
• Mammalia? Deer, raccoon, all with mammary
  glands
• Primate? Chimps, gorillas, spider monkey,
• Hominidae? None other living
• Homo? None other living
• Sapiens? None other living

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9. List classification for a plant.
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10. Classify another animal.
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11. What is a dichotomous key? How is it used?

• A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user
  to determine the identity of items in the natural
  world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals,
  reptiles, rocks, and fish.
• Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the
  user to the correct name of a given item.
• "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts".
• Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two
  choices in each step.
• Keys for lab http//oregonstate.edu/trees/dk/inde
  x.html
• http//oregonstate.edu/trees/dk/index.html

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12. How to use a key
a) Needlike b) not needle like

• 1. Is your leaf
• a) needle like go to 2.
• b) not needle like go to 5.

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12. How to use a key cont
a) Round b) flat

• 2. Are the leaves
• a) flat ..go to 3.
• b) round go to 4.

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12. Key cont

• 3. Is your leaf flat?
• a) yes your tree is a cedar
• b) no, your leaf is a pine.. Go to 4.

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12. Key cont
a) Pine b) spruce

• 4. Needles are not flat.
• A) roundpines
• B) square or triangular ..spruce

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13. What are systematics? Why important?

• Organisms are grouped based on shared (common)
  characteristics.
• Closely related individuals are placed closer
  together.

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14. What are cladistics? How related to
systematics?

• Cladistics a branch of biology that determines
  the evolutionary relationships of living things
  based on shared characteristics.

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15. What is a cladogram? Who invented it and why?

• Will Hennig developed diagrams to show
  relatedness, called Cladograms.

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References

• Diagrams and background from online text
• http//www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/bi
  obk/BioBookDivers_class.html