Conclusions:

1

• Conclusions
• Theory Reality,
• War, Power, Democracy
• Peace

2
Wrap Up Theory Reality

• A New Grand Strategy
• Democratic Peace Theory
• Concepts Limits
• Hegemony and Power
• Limits to Unilateralism
• The Atlantic Crisis
• Paving the Way to Peace?

3
A New Grand Strategy (Ikenberry)

• Fundamental commitment to maintaining a unipolar
  world in which the United States has no peer
  competitor. No coalition of great powers without
  the US will be allowed to achieve hegemony
• New analysis of global threats and how they must
  be attacked not other great powers but
  transnational terrorist

4
A New Grand Strategy

• Cold War concept of deterrence is outdated, a
  defensive strategy of building missiles will no
  longer ensure security
• Only option is offense
• Regional instability may be the necessary price
  for dislodging dangerous regimes that pose great
  threat exporting democracy

5
Democratic Peace Theory

• Liberal theory of IP vision of perpetual peace
  based on Kants idea that democracies are
  peaceful with each other (critique by de
  Tocqueville, 19th c.)
• Changes at unit level (democracy) can impact on
  system level (peace)
• Zone of peace zone of democracy and prosperity
  end of history (Fukuyama, 1992)

6
Democratic Peace Theory the Absence of War

• Role of public opinions
• Shared norms and culture common commitments to
  peaceful adjudication of political disputes
• Use of force is illegitimate between
  democracies
• Negotiation of status quo as only possible
  outcome in case of disputes

7
From Theory to Policy-Making

• Theory has guided US-post Cold War foreign policy
  (from Clinton to Bush Administration)
• Export and promotion of democracy abroad should
  become central focus
• Democracy abroad and market economics make
  America more prosperous and influential

8
Limits of Democratic Peace Theory (1)

• The structure of the international political
  system has remained the same changes occur in
  the system, no change of the system
• For Kant, no state can intervene in internal
  arrangements of other states whereas major
  democracies have historically been hegemons
  carrying out interventions in weak states to
  bring democracy (Waltz, 2000)

9
Limits of Democratic Peace Theory (2)

• Public opinions play no role no inhibitor of
  wars
• No role of shared democratic values, rather
  fighting waterbirds dilemma which has
  historically pushed states to avoid wars (Layne,
  1994)

10
Hegemony Power

• Readings 3 perspectives on unipolarity, hegemony
  and power convergences on imperial ambitions
  (Ikenberry, Bellamy Foster) unbalanced power
  (Waltz)
• (Neo) Realist Waltz, 2000
• (Neo) Liberal Ikenberry, 2002
• (Neo) Marxist Bellamy Foster, 2003

11
Asymmetry of Power

• Capabilities (military)
• Institutions (control over Security Council, IMF)
• Economic development (North-South gap)

12
Limits to Unilateralism (1)

• Instruments of international regulation
• Environment Kyoto Protocol
• Trade coalition of Southern states lead by
  Brazil won WTO ruling against USA on cotton and
  European Union on sugar (2004)
• Trade Environment incompatibility of WTO rules
  on unrestricted free trade and Kyoto Protocol?
  GATT Art. XX WTO Shrimp-Turtle Case (1998).

13
Limits to Unilateralism (2)

• Incapacity to prevent 9/11
• No resolution of regional conflicts
• Chaos in Iraq

14
Limits to Unilateralism (3)

• Maintenance of unipolar power, unconstrained by
  rules or norms of legitimacy, can induce
  self-encirclement (Ikenberry, 2002)
• Unbalanced power is perceived as potential
  danger for others (Waltz, 2000)
• Too much power kills power (Badie, 2004)

15
The Atlantic Crisis

• Americans from Mars and Europeans from Venus?
  (Kagan, 2003)
• EU as a realization of Kants perpetual peace?
• USA as a Hobbess global Leviathan?

16
The Atlantic Divide

• Structural sources unipolarity, eroded
  sovereignty, reordering of world politics
  (Ikenberry, 2004)
• Abiding by international norms and conventions
  ICC, Kyoto Protocol, landmines

17
The Atlantic Divide

• Promoting democracy
• EU inducement, economic benefits institutional
  membership
• USA use of force outside of UN
• Disagreement on Middle East strategy Iraq,
  Arab-Israeli conflict
• Cooperating across the Atlantic Container
  Security Initiative, Proliferation Security
  Initiative

18
Paving the Way to Peace

• Is promotion of democracy becoming a universally
  accepted norm?
• Multilateralism, implementation of peace
  prevention of conflicts
• Transnational and regional dynamics the reform
  of nation-states
• World social integration