Circulatory

1
7
Superiorvena cava
Capillaries of Head and arms
Pulmonaryartery
Pulmonaryartery
Capillariesof right lung
Capillariesof left lung
Aorta
9
6
2
3
3
4
11
Pulmonaryvein
Pulmonaryvein
5
LEFT ATRIUM
1
RIGHT ATRIUM
LEFT VENTRICLE
RIGHT VENTRICLE
10
Aorta
Inferiorvena cava
Capillaries ofabdominal organsand legs
8
Figure 23.4B
2
Pulmonaryartery
11. vessel
Aorta
Pulmonaryartery
10. vessel
Superiorvena cava
1. vessel
LEFTATRIUM
RIGHTATRIUM
2. chamber
Pulmonaryveins
Pulmonaryveins
9. vessels
Semilunarvalve
3. valve
Semilunarvalve
8. valve
Atrioventricularvalve
Atrioventricularvalve
7. valve
Inferiorvena cava
4. vessel
RIGHTVENTRICLE
LEFTVENTRICLE
5. chamber
6. chamber
Figure 23.4A
3
Circulatory Respiratory SystemsChapter 15
19(Pgs. 563-576 756-774)
4
Introductory Questions 1

1. From the introduction of chapter 15 (pg. 564),
   what causes Rheumatic fever? What is the result
   of having this disease (what was damaged)? How
   was the damage fixed?
2. Name the tissue and membranes that surround the
   heart.
3. What are the names of the chambers of the heart?
   
4. How are AV valves different from semilunar
   valves? Which type of valve is the mitral valve?
5. What are attached to the papillary muscles inside
   the heart? What do these fibrous strings do?
6. How are pulmonary arteries different from
   pulmonary veins?

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The Thoracic Cavity
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Key Structures of the Heart

• Heart is a double pump
• Four Chambers two atria two venticles
• Four valves two AV (atrioventricular) valves
• two semilunar valves
• Tricuspid Bicuspid (mitral) valve
• Septum - separates the left and right sides
• Thicker muscular wall (left side)
• Pulmonary Arteries Veins (lungs)
• Remember Arteries carry blood Away from
  the heart and veins carry blood towards the heart

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Posterior view of the Heart
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Pathway of the Circulatory System and the Heart
9
Pulmonaryartery
Aorta
Pulmonaryartery
Superiorvena cava
LEFTATRIUM
RIGHTATRIUM
Pulmonaryveins
Pulmonaryveins
Semilunarvalve
Semilunarvalve
Atrioventricularvalve
Atrioventricularvalve
Inferiorvena cava
RIGHTVENTRICLE
LEFTVENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A
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Internal Structure of the Heart
11
Valves within the Heart
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RBC Pathway through the Circulatory System

• Blood from Systemic Circuit
• ?
• Vena cava (inferior superior)
• ?
• Right atrium
• ? (Tricuspid valve-AV valve)
• Right ventricle
• ? (Pulmonary semilunar valve)
• Pulmonary circuit Lungs
• (P. arteries?? Lungs?P. veins)
• ?
• Left atrium
• ? (Bicuspid Mitral valve)
• Left Ventricle
• ? (Aortic semilunar valve)
• Aorta
• (arch, coronary, carotid, abdominal, renal,
  mesenteric, iliac arteries)

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What is a heart attack?

• A heart attack is damage that occurs when a
  coronary feeding the heart is blocked

Aorta
Rightcoronaryartery
Leftcoronaryartery
Blockage
Dead muscle tissue
Figure 23.8A
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The Thoracic Cavity
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Mammalian Respiratory Systems

• Larynx (upper part of respiratory tract)
• Vocal cords (sound production)
• Trachea (windpipe)

• Bronchi (tube to lungs)
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli (air sacs)
• Diaphragm (breathing muscle)

16

• Smoking causes lung cancer and contributes to
  heart disease

• Smoking also causes emphysema
• Cigarette smoke makes alveoli brittle, causing
  them to rupture
• This reduces thelungs capacity for gas exchange

Figure 22.7A, B
17

• The human respiratory system

Nasalcavity
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
Left lung
Larynx
Trachea
Rightlung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
Figure 22.6A
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• The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny sacs
  called alveoli

• Alveoli form the respiratory surface of the lungs
• Oxygen diffuses through the thin walls of the
  alveoli into the blood

Figure 22.6C
Oxygen-richblood
Oxygen-poorblood
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Blood capillaries
Figure 22.6B
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O2
Lung
CO2
1
Breathing
Circulatorysystem
2
Transportof gases bythe circulatorysystem
Mitochondria
3
Servicing ofcells withinthe bodytissues
O2
CO2
Capillary
Cell
Figure 22.1
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Surviving in Thin Air

• The air at the height of the worlds highest
  peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen
• Even expert mountain climbers do not always
  survive the journey
• Thin air can weaken muscles, damage the
  digestive system, cloud the mind, and sometimes
  fill the lungs with blood

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Breathing

• Positive pressure breathing pushes air into
  lungs (frog)
• Negative pressure breathing pulls air into lungs
  (mammals)
• Inhalation diaphragm contraction Exhalation
  diaphragm relaxation
• Tidal volume amount of air inhaled and exhaled
  with each breath (500ml)
• Vital capacity maximum tidal volume during
  forced breathing Regulation CO2 concentration
  in blood (medulla oblongata)

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Volumes for Air Exchange

• Vital Capacity 4500 cm3 Breath out all
  the air you can
• Tidal volume 500 cm3 Normal
  breath
• Inspirational reserve 3000 cm3 Excess air
  you can still breath in
• --------------------------------------------------
  ------------------------------------
• Residual air left over 1200 cm3 (cannot
  be forced out)
• Lungs will collapse, alveoli require this amount
  of air at all times.

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Breathing ventilates the lungs

• Breathing is the alternation of inhalation and
  exhalation

Rib cageexpands asrib musclescontract
Rib cagegets smalleras rib musclesrelax
Airinhaled
Airexhaled
Lung
Diaphragm
INHALATIONDiaphragm contracts(moves down)
EXHALATIONDiaphragm relaxes(moves up)
Figure 22.8A
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• During exercise, the CO2 level in the blood
  rises, lowering the blood pH

• This triggers a cascade of events

Brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
BREATHING CONTROLCENTERSstimulated by
Pons
CO2 increase / pH decreasein blood
Medulla
Nerve signalindicating lowO2 level
Nerve signalstriggercontractionof muscles
O2 sensorin artery
Diaphragm
Figure 22.9
Rib muscles
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Facts about the Circulatory System

• Blood volume in the heart per contraction 70
  ml
• (Stroke volume)
• Total blood volume in a human 5 Liters
• (1.32 Gal)
  
• Normal Beats per minute (BPM) 72 Bpm
• Normal Blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg
• Starlings Law when more blood is delivered to
  the heart, the heart stretches more and contracts
  with greater force which pumps more blood into
  arteries.

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The Heart Contracts and Relaxes Rhythmically
Heart isrelaxed.AV valvesare open.
1

• Diastole
• Blood flows from the veins into the heart chambers

2
Atriacontract.

• Systole
• The atria briefly contract and fill the
  ventricles with blood
• Then the ventricles contract and propel blood out

SYSTOLE
0.1 sec
3
Ventriclescontract.Semilunarvalvesare open.
0.3 sec
0.4 sec
DIASTOLE
Figure 23.6
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Blood Vessel Structural Differences

• Capillaries
• endothelium basement
• membrane
• Arteries
• thick connective tissue thick smooth
  muscle endothelium basement membrane
• Veins thin connective tissue thin smooth
  muscle endothelium basement membrane

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Cardiovascular disease

• Cardiovascular disease (gt50 of all deaths)
• Heart attack- death of cardiac tissue due to
  coronary blockage
• Stroke- death of nervous tissue in brain due to
  arterial blockage
• Atherosclerosis arterial plaques deposits
• Arteriosclerosis plaque hardening by calcium
  deposits
• Hypertension high blood pressure
• Hypercholesterolemia LDL, HDL

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The circulatory system associates Intimately with
all body tissues

• Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels
• They form an intricate network among the tissue
  cells

Capillary
Redbloodcell
Figure 23.1A
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Blood Exerts Pressure on Vessel Walls

• Blood pressure depends on
• Cardiac output
• Blood volume
• Resistance of vessels

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• Pressure is highest in the arteries

Systolicpressure
Diastolicpressure

• It drops to zero by the time the blood reaches
  the veins

Relative sizes andnumbersof blood vessels
Figure 23.9A
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Connection Measuring Blood Pressure can Reveal
Cardiovascular Problems

• Blood pressure is measured as systolic and
  diastolic pressures

Blood pressure120 systolic80 diastolic(to be
measured)
Pressurein cuffbelow120
Pressurein cuffabove120
Pressurein cuffbelow 80
Rubber cuffinflated with air
Soundsaudible instethoscope
Soundsstop
Arteryclosed
Artery
2
3
4
1
Figure 23.10
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• Three factors keep blood moving back to the heart

• muscle contractions
• breathing
• one-way valves

Direction ofblood flowin vein
Valve (closed)
Valve (open)
Figure 23.9B
Skeletal muscle
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Smooth Muscle Controls the Distribution of Blood

• Muscular constriction of arterioles and
  precapillary sphincters controls the flow through
  capillaries

Precapillary sphincters
Thoroughfarechannel
Thoroughfarechannel
Venule
Arteriole
Venule
Arteriole
Capillaries
Sphincters contracted
2
1
Sphincters relaxed
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Withdrawblood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55
CONSTITUENT
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45
Solvent forcarrying othersubstances
CELL TYPE
NUMBER(per mm3 of blood)
FUNCTIONS
Water
Erythrocytes(red blood cells)
Salts
56 million
Transport ofoxygen (and carbon dioxide)
Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarb
onate
Osmotic balance,pH buffering, andregulation
ofmembranepermeability
Leukocytes(white blood cells)
Defense andimmunity
5,00010,000
Plasma proteins
Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobins(antibodies)
Osmotic balance,pH buffering Clotting Immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood
Monocyte
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids,
vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory
gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones
Neutrophil
Platelets
250,000400,000
Blood clotting
Figure 23.13
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Red blood cells transport oxygen

• -Hemoglobin transport of O2
• -Red blood cells contain hemoglobin (300 million)
• -RBC count
• 4.2 6.2 million cells per mm3. (adult males
  females)
• -Average Lifespan 120 days
• -33 of RBC volume is hemoglobin
• -2.4 million are destroyed per second and are
  replaced in the bone marrow

Figure 23.14
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White blood cells help defend the body

• White blood cells function both inside and
  outside the circulatory system
• They fight infections and cancer

Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Figure 23.15
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WBC Type and Function

• WBC count 7000 per µL (1700 RBCs)
• Neutrophilsphagocytic
• Eosinophilscontaind oxidases peroxidases
• -increase during allergic reactions
• -parasitic infections
• Basophils also important in allergic reations
• -do not contain lysosomes
• -histamine in the cytoplasm (inflamm.)
• -heparin acts as an anticoagulant
  (prevents blood clots)
• Leukocytes two types of cells form
• (lymphocytes Monocytes)
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies attack bacteria
  viruses
• Monocytes Largest of all WBCs that becomes a
  macrophage

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Differentiation of Blood Cells in the Bone Marrow