Citing

1
Citing Referencing

• Dr Derek Scott
• d.scott_at_abdn.ac.uk
• Honours Class in Medical Sciences
• MSc Clinical Pharmacology

2
Why do we need to cite references?

• Allows others to find the same information and to
  trace what we have said.
• Gives credit to those who came up with original
  ideas or who actually did the work.
• Demonstrates the background information upon
  which your work is based.

3
Everyone needs guidance

• You will notice that academic staff are just as
  bad as students sometimes when it comes to citing
  references or listing them (myself included).
• If we see poor referencing, it rings alarm bells-
  what else have you not bothered to check or do
  properly in a piece of work?
• Creates a bad impression from the start marker
  is likely to look for further errors as well as
  focusing on the good points.
• This is not an exhaustive guide, and different
  sources will have variations on what is contained
  here, but this should help you avoid most of the
  pitfalls.

4
Plagiarism

• Becoming a major issue in universities.
• Currently, if you are caught cheating or
  plagiarising others work, then your School does
  not deal with it you go straight to the Senior
  Vice-Principal!
• He will decide whether it was bad practice or if
  you were being deliberately deceptive.
• Two strikes and youre out!
• If you are not sure what plagiarism is, then find
  out at www.abdn.ac.uk/writing
• If you do give information or ideas from
  textbooks or other published material, you must
  give a precise reference to the source, both at
  the appropriate point in the text, and in your
  list of references at the end of your work.
  Direct quotations from published material should
  be indicated by quotation marks and referenced in
  the text as above.

5
Citing referencing

• These are actually two different things, although
  many people (including myself!) use the terms
  interchangeably.
• Citing is when you refer in the text to the
  source of information used (i.e. the reference).
• Referencing is where you create a list of the
  source used.

6
Reference Lists Bibliographies

• Every piece of work you submit should have a list
  of references at the end.
• The reference list includes all of the
  papers/books etc. you cited in the text.
• A bibliography tends to list the books etc. you
  consulted whilst writing the essay, but you may
  not have cited these. These items are more like
  background reading.
• We tend not to use bibliographies at level 3 and
  4, since you should be focusing mainly on
  advanced textbooks, reviews and peer-reviewed
  papers for your information and you will already
  have a lot of background knowledge.
• You should be able to back all of your statements
  up with evidence.

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2 main forms of citing Harvard Vancouver

• Both commonly used.
• Pick one and stick to it!
• Do not mix and match throughout a piece of work.
• These two systems differ in how you cite the
  reference in the text, and where the date goes
  when you produce your reference list.
• The School of Medical Sciences now demands the
  Harvard system because quite often you will know
  a paper by the authors name and not as reference
  no. 71.
• Unless told otherwise, it is up to you which you
  use just make sure you do it properly.
• However, for all work for School of Medical
  Sciences, you MUST use Harvard!

8
Harvard Style (Text)

• Cites author and date of publication
• Studies by Scott (1976), McEwan (1988) and
  Bowser-Riley (2006) have shown.
• This has been demonstrated in several studies
  (Scott, 1976 McEwan, 1988 Bowser-Riley, 2006).
• It has been concluded (Scott, 2006) that the
  main.
• .the findings of this work was controversial
  (see Scott, 2006).
• If you quote exact text from a piece of work, you
  should give page numbers
• Scott (2006, p.173)
• If you have two or more references with the same
  author and year, you add letters after the dates
• Scott (2006a) and Scott (2006b)

9
Vancouver Style (numeric)

• Numbers in text which correspond to numerical
  sequence of reference at end of piece of work.
• Usual to start with 1 and progress, rather than
  having the first citation as number 15 or
  similar.
• Scott4 and McEwan10, or Scott (4) and McEwan (9)
• Can also use numbers on their own
• It may be demonstrated4 or
• It may be demonstrated (4)
• Use the same number for the same reference e.g if
  Rang et al. (2003) is number 1, then it is always
  number 1. Do not give it another number just
  because you have turned the page. If you want to
  get into this amount of detail, then you have to
  start giving chapter and page numbers.

10
Harvard Style - Ref List

• Tchernitchko, D., Bourgeois, M., Martin, M. E.,
  Beaumont, C. (2002). Expression of the two mRNA
  isoforms of the iron transporter Nramp2/DMTI in
  mice and function of the iron responsive element.
  Biochem.J. 363, 449-455.
• Teichmann, R. Stremmel, W. (1990). Iron uptake
  by human upper small intestine microvillous
  membrane vesicles. Indication for a facilitated
  transport mechanism mediated by a membrane
  iron-binding protein. J.Clin.Invest 86,
  2145-2153.
• Tennant, J., Stansfield, M., Yamaji, S., Srai, S.
  K., Sharp, P. (2002). Effects of copper on the
  expression of metal transporters in human
  intestinal Caco-2 cells. FEBS Lett. 527, 239-244.
• Thomas, J. A., Buchsbaum, R. N., Zimniak, A.,
  Racker, E. (1979). Intracellular pH measurements
  in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells utilizing
  spectroscopic probes generated in situ.
  Biochemistry 18, 2210-2218.
• Thwaites, D. T., McEwan, G. T.A. , Brown, C. D.,
  Hirst, B. H., Simmons, N. L. (1993a).
  Na-independent, H-coupled transepithelial
  beta-alanine absorption by human intestinal
  Caco-2 cell monolayers. J.Biol.Chem. 268,
  18438-18441.
• Thwaites, D. T., Brown, C. D., Hirst, B. H.,
  Simmons, N. L. (1993b). H-coupled dipeptide
  (glycylsarcosine) transport across apical and
  basal borders of human intestinal Caco-2 cell
  monolayers displays distinct characteristics.
  Biochim.Biophys.Acta. 1151, 237-245.
• Thwaites, D. T., Brown, C. D., Hirst, B. H.,
  Simmons, N. L. (1993c). Transepithelial
  glycylsarcosine transport in intestinal Caco-2
  cells mediated by expression of H-coupled
  carriers at both apical and basal membranes.
  J.Biol.Chem. 268, 7640-7642.
• Thwaites, D. T., Hirst, B. H., Simmons, N. L.
  (1994). Substrate specificity of the
  di/tripeptide transporter in human intestinal
  epithelia (Caco-2) identification of substrates
  that undergo H-coupled absorption.
  Br.J.Pharmacol. 113, 1050-1056.
• Thwaites, D. T., McEwan, G. T. A., Simmons, N.
  L. (1995). The role of the proton electrochemical
  gradient in the transepithelial absorption of
  amino acids by human intestinal Caco-2 cell
  monolayers. J.Membr.Biol. 145, 245-256.
• Thwaites, D. T., Cavet, M., Hirst, B. H.,
  Simmons, N. L. (1995). Angiotensin-converting
  enzyme (ACE) inhibitor transport in human
  intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells.
  Br.J.Pharmacol. 114, 981-986.

11
Vancouver style - ref list

• Tchernitchko, D., Bourgeois, M., Martin, M. E.,
  Beaumont, C. (2002). Expression of the two mRNA
  isoforms of the iron transporter Nramp2/DMTI in
  mice and function of the iron responsive element.
  Biochem.J. 363, 449-455.
• Teichmann, R. Stremmel, W. (1990). Iron uptake
  by human upper small intestine microvillous
  membrane vesicles. Indication for a facilitated
  transport mechanism mediated by a membrane
  iron-binding protein. J.Clin.Invest 86,
  2145-2153.
• Tennant, J., Stansfield, M., Yamaji, S., Srai, S.
  K., Sharp, P. (2002). Effects of copper on the
  expression of metal transporters in human
  intestinal Caco-2 cells. FEBS Lett. 527, 239-244.
• Thomas, J. A., Buchsbaum, R. N., Zimniak, A.,
  Racker, E. (1979). Intracellular pH measurements
  in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells utilizing
  spectroscopic probes generated in situ.
  Biochemistry 18, 2210-2218.
• Thwaites, D. T., McEwan, G. T.A. , Brown, C. D.,
  Hirst, B. H., Simmons, N. L. (1993).
  Na-independent, H-coupled transepithelial
  beta-alanine absorption by human intestinal
  Caco-2 cell monolayers. J.Biol.Chem. 268,
  18438-18441.
• Thwaites, D. T., Brown, C. D., Hirst, B. H.,
  Simmons, N. L. (1993). H-coupled dipeptide
  (glycylsarcosine) transport across apical and
  basal borders of human intestinal Caco-2 cell
  monolayers displays distinct characteristics.
  Biochim.Biophys.Acta. 1151, 237-245.
• Thwaites, D. T., Brown, C. D., Hirst, B. H.,
  Simmons, N. L. (1993). Transepithelial
  glycylsarcosine transport in intestinal Caco-2
  cells mediated by expression of H-coupled
  carriers at both apical and basal membranes.
  J.Biol.Chem. 268, 7640-7642.
• Thwaites, D. T., Hirst, B. H., Simmons, N. L.
  (1994). Substrate specificity of the
  di/tripeptide transporter in human intestinal
  epithelia (Caco-2) identification of substrates
  that undergo H-coupled absorption.
  Br.J.Pharmacol. 113, 1050-1056.
• Thwaites, D. T., McEwan, G. T. A., Simmons, N.
  L. (1995). The role of the proton electrochemical
  gradient in the transepithelial absorption of
  amino acids by human intestinal Caco-2 cell
  monolayers. J.Membr.Biol. 145, 245-256.
• Thwaites, D. T., Cavet, M., Hirst, B. H.,
  Simmons, N. L. (1995). Angiotensin-converting
  enzyme (ACE) inhibitor transport in human
  intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells.
  Br.J.Pharmacol. 114, 981-986.

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Quotations

• I try to avoid these wherever possible.
• Try to put things into your own words so that you
  can show the reader that you understand what is
  being said and that you have interpreted it
  correctly.
• Also decreases the chance of you plagiarising
  work.
• If you must do it, then put quotation marks
  around the phrase or sentence.
• Scott (1990, p.19) has proposed it is possible
  that babies are created by means of magic dust
  gathered from under cabbagesbut it might be
  that this has yet to be proven beyond doubt.
• The quotation is part of the text and is
  surrounded by quotation marks.
• The three full stops indicate an omission,
  whilst the square brackets show that you have
  added your own words to the original quotation.

13
Books

• AUTHOR (Date). Title. Edition. Place Publisher.
• SCOTT, D.A.(2006). The physiology of metal
  transport. 2nd Ed. London Churchill-Livingstone.
• Check the inside pages of the book for this
  information do not just copy what is on the
  cover.

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Books with multiple authors

• 3 or less
• SCOTT, D.A., MCEWAN, G.T.A. PAGE, K. (1999). A
  History of Aberdeen Bars. London Longman
  Educational Publishers.
• 4 or more
• SCOTT, D.A., et al. (2006). My Secret Life As a
  Fighter Pilot. Oxford Oxford University Press.
• HOWEVER, whilst many people will find this
  acceptable, it is more professional to give all
  authors in your reference list.
• School of Medical Sciences demands the full list
  in submitted work.

15
Books with editors

• SCOTT, D.A., ed. (2004). How to Bluff Your Way as
  a University Lecturer. Aberdeen Aberdeen
  University Press.
• Scott is not the author here, he is just the
  editor of a publication that contains
  contributions from many authors.

16
Anonymous Works

• If you cannot find an author (but please try hard
  to find one), then use Anon..
• ANON. (2004) Famous Scandals in the Institute of
  Medical Sciences. London Penguin Books.
• However, this is exceptionally rare.

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Editions Dates

• Always be sure to include the year of
  publication.
• If you are citing a book, then you must include
  the edition number if there has been more than
  one.
• This is important as new editions contain major
  revisions to the text and images.

18
Referencing Journals

• Based upon Journal of Physiology and University
  of Aberdeen standard format
• AUTHORS (YEAR). Title. Journal. Volume, Pages.
• Note that Journal title is in italics and volume
  is in bold to make them stand out. All authors
  are also listed, as is title of paper.
• TENNANT, J., STANSFIELD, M., YAMAJI, S., SRAI, S.
  K., SHARP, P. (2002). Effects of copper on the
  expression of metal transporters in human
  intestinal Caco-2 cells. FEBS Lett. 527, 239-244.
• SCOTT, D.A., MCARDLE, H.J. MCEWAN, G.T.A.
  (2002). Electrogenic divalent cation transport in
  cultured human intestinal Caco-2 epithelia.
  J.Physiol. 539P, S076.
• SCOTT, D.A., MCARDLE, H.J. MCEWAN, G.T.A.
  (2003). Identification of two pH-dependent,
  Zn2-induced electrogenic transport pathways in
  human intestinal Caco-2 epithelia. J.Physiol.
  547P, PC61.

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Biomedical Sciences Recommended Styles

• Journal of Physiology
• British Journal of Pharmacology
• These are the recommended journal styles to
  follow since they cover most of the disciplines
  followed by BMS degree schemes, and they have an
  exceptionally rigorous peer-review process.
• The School of Medical Science approved format is
  based upon J. Physiol. And the University
  Librarys Guide to Referencing Citing.
• Journal of Physiology, in particular, is ruthless
  when it comes to citing references properly.
• Look at these journals if you want to see
  examples of good practice or if you are unsure.
• Different departments/journals have slightly
  different citation/referencing styles, so you may
  see different layouts. i.e. whether they include
  all authors or the title of the paper etc.
• If you use a package like Refworks, you must be
  sure you set it up correctly and you define what
  referencing style you want double-check though,
  because the packages can still get it wrong!
• If you are studying in a department/field which
  has specialist journals or referencing
  conventions, your supervisor will have told you
  about this.
• If you are not sure, then ask!

20
Authors initials

• Authors initials come after their surnames.
• Do not give some authors their full names, and
  others just initials it is sloppy and looks
  silly.
• When citing authors names in text, you do not
  give names, initials, qualifications or titles,
  just surname and year e.g. Scott et al. (2006)

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Example of how to cite in a piece of text

• The following passage was copied from my PhD
  thesis. Note how I back up major findings or
  statements at appropriate points in the text.
• The initial characterisation of Divalent Metal
  Transporter 1 (DMT1) in 1997 by Gunshin et al.
  (1997) generated much interest in the field of
  metal biology since this protein was expressed in
  a variety of tissues, and was reported as
  carrying a multitude of divalent metal ions. The
  discovery of transporters like DMT1 has led to a
  better understanding of certain genetic disorders
  such as hereditary haemochromatosis (Rolfs et
  al., 2002) and acrodermatitis enteropathica (Kury
  et al., 2002) (disorders of iron and zinc
  transport, respectively) and animal disease
  models such as the microcytic anaemia (mk) mouse
  (Fleming et al., 1997), the lethal milk (lm)
  mouse (Huang Gitschier, 1997) and the Belgrade
  (b) rat (Fleming et al., 1998).
• If you have a paragraph or piece of text with no
  references in it, double-check it to make sure
  you it is just basic information and that you
  have not missed anything out.

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• Application of phorbol esters has been reported
  to cause a Na-dependent alkalinisation of rat
  jejunum microclimate pH (McSwine et al., 1998).
  This was thought to be mediated via PKC. It was
  also demonstrated that Na absorption via NHE3
  might be inhibited by increased levels of
  cytosolic Ca2, possibly mediated by
  Ca2/calmodulin-dependent kinases (Shimada
  Hoshi, 1988). McSwine et al. (1998) also studied
  the intestinal cell line C2, and showed that
  elevated levels of cGMP caused inhibition of NHE3
  activity. These increased levels of cGMP may
  occur pathophysiologically during exposure to the
  heat-stable E. coli STa enterotoxin. Inhibition
  of NHE3 by cGMP (Semrad et al., 1990) has been
  demonstrated to cause an elevation of the
  microclimate pH when studied in vivo in rat
  (McEwan et al., 1988 McKie et al., 1988 Shimada
  Hoshi, 1988) and pig (McEwan et al., 1990b).

23
Websites

• Be VERY careful when using a website as a
  reference.
• They can be useful, but how can you tell that the
  information is updated, accurate or
  peer-reviewed?
• Some sites are more reliable than others e.g.
  government sites or universities, but again, you
  should really try to stick to papers or books
  that have been reviewed by experts to make sure
  that the info is correct.
• Websites are great for pictures etc., but you
  still have to give the authors credit.

24
Citing websites

• To refer to a specific web document in your text,
  you must cite either the author name as usual and
  year (if available), or the name of the
  organisation responsible for the website and the
  year.
• Three different Honours specialties are available
  on the BSc BiomedSci degree at the University of
  Aberdeen (School of Medical Sciences, University
  of Aberdeen, 2005).
• I would list this in the references as
• School of Medical Sciences, University of
  Aberdeen. online. Available from
  http//www.abdn.ac.uk/sms/documents/bio_sci.doc
  Accessed 21 Mar 2006

25
Referencing websites

• The standard form is
• AUTHOR or EDITOR (year). Title online. Place of
  publication Publisher. Available at ltURLgt
  Accessed date.
• Some of these identifiers are not always
  available.
• Publisher is usually the organisation that hosts
  the site, but the place of publication and
  publisher are optional.
• You need to provide the date accessed since web
  pages may be updated frequently, so can change.
• If a web page does not have an author, then
  reference it by title.

26
Examples of referencing websites

• For a specific website
• School of Medical Sciences, University of
  Aberdeen. online. Available from
  www.abdn.ac.uk/sms Accessed 21 Mar 2006
• For a document on a website
• SCOTT, D.A. MCEWAN, G.T.A. (2004) A history of
  biomedical sciences. online. Available from
  www.abdn.ac.uk/sms/history Accessed 21 Mar 2006
• For a specific web page
• DEPARTMENT FOR EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT (2000).
  Student loans guidance on terms and conditions
  from April 2000. online. Available from
  http//www.dfee.gov.uk/loan2000/index.html
  Accessed 23rd March 2006

27
Epubs/online access

• This is a curious one because it is an article
  that has been released electronically before it
  has been published in paper form. You can tell
  this because it either says that it is an "epub
  ahead of print" or "online first". This happens
  when they want to get an important article out
  into the public domain quickly.
• If we follow the same referencing style used by
  Journal of Physiology, it should be written (note
  that the initials of an author come after their
  surnames when referencing)
• SASSI, A.,  MARCORA, S.M., RAMPININI, E.,
  MOGNONI, P.   IMPELLIZZERI, F.M. (2006)
  Prediction of time to exhaustion from blood
  lactate response during submaximal exercise in
  competitive cyclists. European Journal of Applied
  Physiology. March. 1 - 7 (Epub ahead of print).
• Usually you would have a volume number instead of
  the March in the reference, but that has to wait
  until the paper volume is published.

28
Government Publications

• GREAT BRITAIN. OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
  (2001). Assessment of renewable energy
  technologies. London The Stationery Office.

29
Theses

• SCOTT, D.A. (2004). Characterisation and
  regulation of iron- and zinc-evoked electrogenic
  transport in human intestinal epithelial cells.
  Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen.

30
Things you havent actually read

• Sometimes you cannot get hold of an article that
  someone else has cited, but is interesting enough
  to mention in your work.
• If you really cannot get a hold of this article
  and read it for yourself, you can cite what
  another author said about it.
• Lets say that Scott had an article which McEwan
  and Smith referred to in their paper. You have
  not actually read what Scott said, only what the
  other two authors wrote about it.
• You would include McEwan and Smith in the
  reference list, not Scott.
• The findings of Scott (see McEwan Smith, 2004)
  was controversial in light of
• If you are using the numerical style, it would
  be
• The findings of Scott (see McEwan Smith15) was
  controversial in light of

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Et al.

• When you have 4 or more authors, it is sometimes
  acceptable to use et al. as an abbreviation,
  rather than listing all of the authors names.
• et al. should always be in italics since it is
  the short form of the Latin phrase, et alia
  (and others)
• (Scott et al., 2004) or it was shown by Scott et
  al. (2004) that
• Note the comma when the author and date are in
  the same brackets, but not when they are
  separated.
• ALL Latin terms e.g. in vivo, in utero etc.
  should be in italics.
• Some people will not insist upon this, but it is
  the correct way to format Latin words in text.

32
All authors or et al. in the reference list?

• Many people list up to 3 authors.
• Scott (2006)
• Scott Bloggs (2006)
• Scott, McEwan Bloggs (2006)
• Past this, and then a lot of people will use et
  al. (and others).
• I (and J.Physiol. And the School of Medical
  Sciences) tend to still give a complete author
  list in my reference list just for completeness.
• Particularly common in large multi-centre studies
  where publications have many contributors i.e.
  identification of genes, large-scale physics
  experiments etc.

33
Journal abbreviations

• Journals have approved abbreviations for their
  names that may be used in referencing.
• There are the odd exceptions to this rule e.g.
  Gut
• J.Physiol. for Journal of Physiology.
• Br. J. Pharmacol.
• J. Biol. Chem.
• Biochim. Biophys. Acta
• PubMed has a list of these.
• If you cant find this, then try and find the
  homepage of the journal you are interested in,
  and see if it has it there.
• If all else fails, just use the full name.
• Whatever you use full titles or abbreviations
  stick to it throughout your reference list if you
  can.
• If you are being very conscientious, you should
  really give the full title of the journal as it
  avoids confusion.

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35
Images - referencing

• If you obtain a picture or graph from the
  internet or publication, then you need to cite
  where it came from, usually in the legend for
  that figure.
• By legend, I mean the small bit of text that is
  usually under a figure, explaining what it shows.
• This is just as important as citing references in
  the text.
• UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1999). Major
  volcanoes in Ecuador. online image. Available
  from http//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Ecuador/
  mays/map ecuado volcanoes.htmi Accessed 30 Jan
  2001

36
Example of referencing a figure
Figure 1.7.1 (a) Immunohistochemical
localisation of DMT1 in the small intestine of
rats fed an iron-deficient diet. The intense
black staining in the apical membranes of
enterocytes at the villus tips denotes where DMT1
is expressed. Image taken from Oates et al.
(2000).
37
Consistency

• Use one citation system and stick to it.
• If you use authors initials, rather than complete
  names, then do this for every reference.
• Use either or and, but not both.

38
Take-home messages

• If you are not sure, ask your supervisor.
• FOLLOW THE RULES LAID DOWN BY THE SCHOOL
  DEPARTMENT THAT THE WORK IS BEING SUBMITTED TO!!!
• Look at a journal and see how they do it.
• Look at the end of chapters in textbooks because
  many of them have reference lists that you can
  model your own on.
• Always include references and a list at the end
  of the piece of work.
• Buy a simple referencing guide for a quid from
  the University bookshop.
• At level 3 Advanced textbooks, reviews and
  peer-reviewed papers (lecture notes for basic
  info, but dont cite lecture notes as a
  reference!).
• Level 4 5 Mostly reviews and papers (sometimes
  advanced textbooks for basic info).
• Remember with reviews do not cite them, try and
  read the original article they reviewed and cite
  that instead. Relying heavily on reviews for the
  majority of your information is bad practice and
  looks as if you dont know the topic that well.