Chs 9

1
2 27 07

• Chs 9 10 Freudian psychodynamics, Historical
  (Ch 9) modern (Ch 10)
• 1. Subliminal Psychodynamics
• 2. The Talking Cure
• 3. Subliminal Object Relations

2
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Silverman (1970s)
• Planted phrases
• E.g., mommy and I are one
• Determined effect on behavior

3
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Silverman (1970s)
• No recording devices in psychoanalysis
• Role of therapist interpretation
• Consensus about defensive processes notoriously
  poor
• Does not use scientific method (random
  assignment, blind double-blind procedures)

4
Subliminal psychodynamics

• Symbiosis
• Self/mom unit
• No separation
• After 6 mos
• Mom can do things self cant
• Mom doesnt always do what I want

5
Subliminal psychodynamics

• What comes from inside (thoughts)
• Not distinguished from
• What comes from outside (e.g., thoughts heard as
  voices)

6
Subliminal psychodynamics

• Symbiosis and schizophrenia
• Alternate ideas about treatment
• Supportive relationship established
• Then can work on misperceptions
• Dont encourage escape from reality
• Will just make symptoms worse

7
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Silverman
• Especially useful with schizophrenics
• A chance to work through early fixations
  (regression, working through, free up psychic
  energy, eliminate symptoms)

8
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Silvermans method
• Present symbiosis phrase subliminally
• Within design
• One session mommy and I are one (4-8 times)
• Control session people are walking
• Result

9
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• What works with this effect
• daddy and I are one
• teacher and I are one
• mommy and I are two
• mommy feeds me well

10
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Phrases studies
• mommy and I are two 4
• Mommy loves me 1
• mommy holds me safely 2
• my professor and I are one 1
• my girl and I are one 1
• daddy and I are one 6

11
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Hardaway (1990)
• Meta-analysis
• Non-Silverman
• Rumor was only Silverman could make effect work
• Effect size how strong are effects?
• Moderating variables? (e.g., more effective with
  males?)

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Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Hardaway (1990)
• Located all (?) relevant studies 1964-1987
• Had to have gt 10 per cell
• E.g., nurses ratings of schizo. Symptoms
• Produces 56 studies

13
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• What is length of treatment?
• Compare to psychoanalysis, which drags on for
  years

14
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Mommy and I are one d .41 (moderate)
• Other mommy stimuli d .14 (small)
• Other oneness stimuli d .22 (small)

15
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Nope
• As effective with men, women
• Schizophrenics, depressed, anxious
• Normals, those with disorders

16
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Nope
• Silverman studies, d .41
• Non-Silverman studies, d .41

17
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• 2,287 null studies
• Would have to be out there

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Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Conclusions
• 1.
• surprising from subliminal perspective
• 2.
• Reduced symptoms
• More self-disclosure
• More rapport with others
• More assertive behavior
• Better academic performance

19
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Conclusions
• 3.
• Yes, at least preliminary results
• 2 studies
• Supraliminal 1 second exposures
• No palliative effects (1 study)
• Negative effects (another study)

20
Subliminal Psychodynamics

• Conclusions
• 4.
• Does procedure satisfy the id?
• Make it less demanding?
• 5. Regardless, strong support for psychodynamic
  (motivated unconscious) processes
• It is unconscious
• There are motivated aspects to it

21
The Talking Cure

• Symptoms imply repression
• Of negative events, unacceptable thoughts
• Persons energies divided (tired, depressed,
  anxious, ineffective)
• Health consequences (health symptoms, some real,
  some perceived)

22
The Talking Cure

• Must face traumatic memories, unacceptable
  impulses
• In doing so
• Acceptance, assimilation
• Habituation

23
The Talking Cure

• A traumatic experience (e.g., rape)
• Physical symptom that could portend disease
• Secrets that person doesnt want to divulge
• Inappropriate sexual fantasies
• Suicidal thoughts, personal problems
• Family upheavals (e.g., physical abuse, divorce)
• Loneliness, feelings of inadequacy

24
The Talking Cure

• 20 years of research by Pennebaker

25
The Talking Cure

• Pennebaker et al. (1990)
• Leaving friends, family
• On ones own
• Greater academic, social competition
• Poor eating sleeping habits
• Stress, depression, loneliness

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The Talking Cure

• Random assignment
• Experimental write about negative thoughts
  feelings
• Control write about circulatory system, plants
  of world, what you had for breakfast, etc.

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The Talking Cure

• Pennebaker et al. (1990)
• 130 college freshman
• Random assignment
• 20 minutes of writing alone x 4 days

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The Talking Cure

• Experimental
• I want you to let go and write about your very
  deepest thoughts and feelings about coming to
  collegeleaving your friends or
  parentsroommates, classes, or thoughts about
  your futureThe important thing is that you
  really let go and dig down to your very deepest
  emotions

29
The Talking Cure

• Isolation, loneliness (54)
• Loss of friends back home (45)
• Worries about future (42)
• Academic concerns (41)
• Who am I issues (39)
• Problems with boyfriend/girlfriend (31)
• Conflicts with parents (26)

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The Talking Cure

• Feeling different from others (23)
• Problems with roommate (19)
• Conflicts surrounding religion (16)
• Money issues (11)
• Sexuality issues (8)
• Suicidal thoughts (11)

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The Talking Cure

• Not good
• Anxiety, depression
• Somatic arousal
• More homesickness
• More loneliness

32
The Talking Cure

• of visits to campus health center
• For non-accidental health problems
• Those who wrote about trauma (vs. control)
• Fewer visits to health center
• Effect lasts up to 4 months after study

33
The Talking Cure

• Immune function (e.g., of free-floating natural
  killer cells)
• Stress hormones (e.g., amount of cortisol in
  blood stream)
• Lower blood pressure, less somatic arousal
• Improved liver function
• Less negative affect in long term

34
The Talking Cure
control
trauma
time
35
The Talking Cure

• Conclusions
• 1.
• Repressing negative memories, thoughts
• Produces psychosomatic symptoms
• Uncovering, analyzing such thoughts improves
  health

36
The Talking Cure

• Conclusions
• 2.
• Not so much catharsis
• As increased perspective, insight on personal
  problems
• 3.

37
Object Relations

• Sexual impulses
• Aggressive fantasies
• More self-concept
• More object relations

38
Object Relations

• Object relations
• E.g., as someone worthy of attention (or not)
• E.g., mother, people in general cannot meet my
  needs
• E.g., as necessarily conflicted unsatisfying
  (or not)

39
Object Relations

• Early relationship with caregiver
• Determines relationship style
• Secure, anxious, avoidant

40
The pope is in my head

• Mark Baldwins research
• E.g., disapproving parents
• disapproval of self

41
The pope is in my head

• Study 1
• Zajonc
• Head of department at U Mich
• Seen as imposing, tough audience
• Graduate students
• Thinking about what Bob would think
• Determines what they do
• What they think of their work

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The pope is in my head

• Study 1
• 16 grad students, 1 posdoc
• 2 ms, masked exposures
• Scowling Zajonc (your work is sub-standard)
• Smiling Ellard (lets be friends nice job)

43
The pope is in my head

• Study 1
• Procedure
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

44
The pope is in my head

• Study 1
• How good are my ideas?
• Thus
• View of self
• Influenced by internal audience (either
  supportive or critical)
• And this internal audience can be primed
  subliminally

45
The pope is in my head

• Study 2
• Asked to read sexual passages (which could excite
  them or make them feel guilty)
• Neutral no faces
• Critical, not relevant scowling Zajonc
• Critical, relevant scowling Pope
• Honest, intelligent, good, talented, etc.

46
The pope is in my head

• Study 2
• Neutral (no face) 7.02
• Criticial, unfamililar (Zajonc) 7.09
• Critical, familiar (Pope) 6.30
• Thus
• But rather self-relevant internal audience (pope
  for Catholics)

47
The pope is in my head

• Study 2
• Results
• not practicing practicing
• Neutral 6.93 7.11
• Zajonc 6.64 7.77
• Pope 6.70 6.00

48
The pope is in my head

• Conclusions
• 1.
• Important others (e.g., Pope)
• Inside ones head
• Unconsciously influencing self-evaluation,
  behavior
• 2.
• Experiences with caregiver
• Could give rise to internal working models (of
  self, other, relationships)
• That are carried throughout life

49
The pope is in my head

• Conclusions
• 3.
• Not sex or death
• But rather important relationships, self-concept