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Escola Secundária Dona Luísa de
Gusmão Portugal
Highlights/monuments of Italy and Czech Republic
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Highlights/monuments of Italy
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Coliseum
This is the most ancient monument from ancient
Rome
Its building began in 7.5. A.D. and was opened in
80 A.D., an opening celebrated with a full day of
bloody games during which, according to legend,
five thousand animals were killed.
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• This was a gruesome leisure activity for the
• ancient Romans
• prisoners condemned to death were torn to pieces
  by ferocious beasts
• animals were killed by archers
• there were fights to the death between
  professional gladiators.

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The surface area of the Coliseum, which totals
about 19,000 square meters, was arranged into
four sections, each of which could hold up to
70,000 spectators.
The Emperors box was placed in the center from
where he could decide the gladiators fate with a
simple hand gesture.
The underground area of the Coliseum was used to
organize and create the settings for the games,
such as how to make the ferocious beasts appear
unexpectedly in the arena, bringing them up to
the main area with an elevator hoist that was
hidden in the sand.
In 438, the games were prohibited and the
Coliseum was gradually abandoned.
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The Arch of Constantine
Its a triumphal arch, erected c. 315 CE to
commemorate the triumph of Constantine I after
his victory over Maxentius in the battle at the
Milvian Bridge in 312 CE
Its located in the valley of the Colosseum,
between the Palatine Hill and the Colosseum,
along the road taken by the triumphal
processions.
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The battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 CE was
the decisive moment in Constantine's quest for
power. He had been proclaimed Augustus by the
troops in Britain in 306 CE, after the death of
his father in York, and even though he had no
legal right to that title, he refused to
relinquish it. Likewise, Maxentius claimed the
title of Augustus of the western empire. The
conflict was finally resolved in the battle of
the Milvian Bridge just N. of Rome, when
Constantine's army defeated the numerically
superior but less experienced troops of
Maxentius. Maxentius perished while trying to
flee across the Tiber River, as a temporary
bridge made of boats collapsed under him and his
troops.
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Constantine entered Rome victoriously, and the
senate awarded him a triumphal arch. Construction
began immediately, and the arch was finished in a
few years, to be consecrated in 315/316 CE on the
tenth anniversary of Constantine's rise to power.
The monument is not mentioned by any ancient
source, but it is clearly identified by the
inscription.
The year of dedication is written on the arch
itself "Votis X".
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The Arch of Constantine is a three-way arch,
measuring 21m in height, 25.7m in width and 7.4m
in depth.

The central archway is 11.5m high and 6.5m wide,
while the lateral archways are 7.4m3.4m.

Eight detached Corinthian columns, four on each
side, stand on plinths on the sides of the
archways.
The lower part, the arches and supporting piers,
is build of white marble in opus quadratum, while
the attic is opus latericium covered with marble
slabs.
The different construction techniques might
indicate different construction times for the two
parts, as some theories argue.
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Monument to Victor Emanuel II
The Monument to Victor Emanuel II, also called
"Il Vittoriano" (to celebrate victory), was built
between 1885 and 1911
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This huge monument, originally designed by
Giuseppe Sacconi, is dedicated to the King Victor
Emmanuel II of Savoia, who achieved the
unification of Italy in 1870, with Rome as its
capital.

A broad flight of steps leads to the Altar of the
Nation. The Tomb of Unknown Soldier is guarded by
an honour guard and a perennial flame.

The steps are flanked by two allegorical groups
in bronze gilt, representing Thought and Action.
The large equestrian statue of  King VEII
dominates the Altar of the Nation. At the foot of
the monument, two fountains flank the staircase,
with statues representing the Tyrrhenian Sea
(right) and the Adriatic (left).
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The Vittoriano has been reopened recently, after
years of extensive restoration. It's worth
climbing the staircase to enjoy the view of Rome
- with the added advantage that, from the
Vittoriano itself, you cannot see this large
blotch on the Roman landscape.

Roman ruins and medieval churches were destroyed
to make room for this oversized cream cake - this
disaster is nicely documented in a museum inside
the Vittoriano.
If the kitsch of the building doesn't make you
sick, the cops patrolling the monument, who will
pounce on you when  you sit to take a picture on
the steps, certainly will. As you can't avoid
this eyesore - you might as well visit it.
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Highlights/monuments of Czech Republic
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Hluboka Castle
This famous place started as a Gothic castle
about 1250 to strengthen the power of the Czech
Kings
It remained a Royal property and administrative
center until 1562, when it was turned into a
stately Renaissance chateau

In 1661 the Schwarzenberg family bought Hluboka.
Who 40 some years later already had it rebuilt
into a Baroque styled chateaux.
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This lasted until 1841 when it was rebuilt again
onto today's picturesque Tutor Gothic style,
reconstruction was completed by 1871.
After the transfer of the family seat from Cesky
Krumlov the chateau was rebuilt from 1841 to 1871
after a project of Frantisek Beer with the
participation of F. D. Deworetzky and others
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The generally strictly romantic Neo-Gothic
conception of the reconstruction finally receded
in the adaptation of the interiors in favour of
widely understood historism.
This was connected with the shifting of interest
to the Renaissance and Baroque periods as well as
with an endeavor to display the family
collections of furniture, paintings, arms,
artifacts of an artistic craft character and
tapestries.
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Highlights
Opulently furnished with huge family collections
of furniture, paintings, arms, rare tapestries,
and artifacts. The carved paneling and woodwork
are unbelievable. I have seen many castles and
chateaux's in most European countries, but almost
nothing can compare to Hluboka. It must be among
the richest and most opulent chateaux's in all of
Europe. To remodel it so many times, and so
completely must have taxed the locals.
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Krumlov Castle
Is the 2nd largest Castle complex in the Czech
Republic, after the Prague castle complex.
The castle was started by the "Vitkovec" family
about 1230 and in 1302 it became the property of
the Noble family "Rozmberks"until 1600
Under their care the castle was expanded several
times, in the mid-1500's it was remodeled to a
Renaissance style
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The next owners were the Eggenberg's and the last
private owners were the Schwanzenberg family,1719
until 1947 when they gave it to the Czech state
They rebuilt the chapel, decorated the famous
Masquarade hall, and built the manor theatre
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Highlights
Cesky Krumlov is the LARGEST Czech castle from
the Middle ages that's basically intact. It's
setting lording over the historic town is
breathtaking, it has many valuable Renaissance
and Baroque rooms, paintings, tapestries, and
furnishing of the last five centuries. The most
unique Baroque theater in all of Europe with ALL
it's original furnishings and fixtures.
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Charles Bridge
Charles Bridge is a stone Gothic bridge that
connects the Old Town and Malá Strana.
It was actually called the Stone Bridge during
the first several centuries.
Its construction was commissioned by Czech king
and Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and began in
1357.
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In charge of the construction was architect Petr
Parlér whose other works include the  St.  Vitus
Cathedral  at  thePrague Castle.
It is said that egg yolks were mixed into the
mortar to strengthen the construction of the
bridge.
Charles Bridge is one of the many monuments that
were built during Charles' reign but it is not
the first bridge that ever connected the Prague
banks of the Vltava. Another bridge used to stand
in its place - the Judith Bridge, which was the
first stone bridge over the river. It was built
in 1172 and collapsed in a flood in 1342.
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There is a tower standing on each end of the
bridge. Both the Staromestská vež on the Old Town
end and the Malostranská vež on the Malá Strana
end can be climbed for a view of Prague and the
bridge from above
Baroque statues (a total of 30) began to be
placed on either side of Charles Bridge in the
17th century. Now many of them are copies and the
originals can be seen in the Lapidarium
The most popular statue is probably the one of
St. John of Nepomuk, a Czech martyr saint who was
executed during the reign of Wenceslas IV by
being thrown into the Vltava from the bridge. The
plaque on the statue has been polished to a shine
by countless people having touched it over the
centuries. Touching the statue is supposed to
bring good luck and ensure your return to Prague.
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Charles Bridge is on the top of every Prague
visitor's must-see list. It is also popular with
Czech artists, musicians and souvenir vendors
whose stands line both sides of the bridge
year-round. A great time of day to come to the
bridge is at sunset when one can enjoy a
breathtaking view of the fully lit Prague Castle
against the evening sky. The bridge is now a
pedestrian zone (although both tram and car
traffic were allowed there in the past) and
isalmost constantly filled with people. If you
want to have it all to yourself, get there very
late at night or very early in the morning