Art of Presenting Scientific Lectures

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Scientific Ritual!

• Academic institutions have a periodic scientific
  ritual that has some of the characteristics of
  cannibalism!. Non participants enjoy the ritual
  somewhat more than the direct participant. The
  ritual is otherwise known as scientific lecture
• Arthur Garson,Jr., et al

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The Purpose of teaching is to facilitate
learningGood teaching is teaching that brings
about effective learning...
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Credits

• Prof. K. Ramanaryan.
• Prof. Of Pathology Dean,
• Faculty department of Medical Education,
• Kasturba Medical College, Manipal INDIA.
• 10 Minute talk, Organisation, slides, writing
  delivery By Arthur Garson et. Al. Heart Journal
  193-203, Jan 1986.

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Art of Presenting Scientific Lectures

• Dr. Venkatesh M. Shashidhar
• Senior Lecturer in Pathology
• Fiji School of Medicine

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Good Speaker

• Good speakers are made, not born -
• There is no gene for good speaking
• No matter how good a speaker we are , we can
  become a better speaker.
• There is always scope for improvement.

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Good Speaker

• Good speakers are made, not born - There is no
  gene for good speaking
• No matter how good a speaker we are , we can
  become a better speaker.
• The common character of good speakers is their
  love of subject and an obvious satisfaction in
  arousing this love in their audience.

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Lecture Misconceptions

• Speech Making
• Covering information
• Being heard
• Pleased reaction
• Speaker activity
• Widely used

• Instruction
• Teaching
• Communication
• Learning
• Audience involvement
• Successful

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Organizing a lecture
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To Begin with.

• Prepare well in advance
• Keep target audience in mind always.
• Choose topic of common interest
• Organize talk into sections - First objectives
• Start by writing abstract first
• Prepare outline with every section
• Prepare audiovisual aids

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Sections of a talk (Puzzle)

• Introduction
• Aims Objectives
• Materials Methods
• Results
• Conclusions
• Summary
• Optional
• Significance, Recommendation, Future etc.

Just a Model
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Introduction

• Attention Graber Light talk
• General interest related to topic
• Why Introduction - tune wave length..
• Grab attention Quote, Joke, etc.
• Start easy - gradually lead to your purpose
• Least technical details
• Short Simple - No abbreviation!

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Learn from the mistakes of others. You can't live
long enough to make them all yourself!
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Great minds discuss ideas Average minds discuss
events Small minds discuss people Genius
silently acts..
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Aims Objectives

• What is my purpose?
• Presents the question or hypothesis which
  prompted the scientific work.
• Also state what you intend to convey to what
  level.
• Eg. My objective is to introduce the concept of
  drug resistance in TB or At the end of this
  talk audience will be able to .

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Materials Methods

• How did I do it?
• Clearly mention selection criteria
• Be brief on methods. (handouts)
• Summarize long tables, do not copy!
• Pictures say a thousand words!
• Also Diagrams/Charts/flow charts

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Results

• What did I find?
• Use standard uniform formats
• Define all new terms and units.
• Use one type of charts only.
• Do not number or code groups
• Simple statistics (horror!)
• Too many Numbers - Sedative.

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Conclusion

• What did I learn?
• Judge the value of presentation without bias.
• Answer the question in Aims.
• Should be based on the data presented.
• Mention contradictory studies if any.
• Slides can have complete sentences.

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Summary

• What is it all about?
• Three times repeat for better retention.
• Tell what you are going to tell
• Tell what you have to tell
• Tell what you told
• Never tell anything important once!
• Take home message

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Additional sections

• Significance - Population statistics, relevance
  to local situation
• Recommendations - What else can be done in this
  direction.
• Note Sections of talk are for convenience only,
  no need to mention their name nor they have to be
  followed strictly.

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Tips on Audio-Visual Aids
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General Tips

• A title quickly orients to the subject
• Use phrases only - not complete sentences
• Both uppercase Lowercase - Not all capitals
  except for titles.
• Rule of 8 (some even 6)
• Maximum 8 lines per slide.
• Maximum 8 words per line.
• Readable at distance of 8 times the height.

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Transparency

• OHP has stage size of 25x20 cms. (A4 is 21x30cm)
• Sheet to fit the stage.
• Use template - Neat
• Build ideas with multiple sheets.
• Label - serial number and short title helps in
  archiving.

Tittle of the topic Point number one
Point number two Point number three Point
number four Point number five Point number six
A4 210x297mm
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35mm Slides

• Title quickly orients.
• Horizontal orientation.
• 5 across x 4 down.
• Mark label.
• Left - lower to read.
• Right - up to project.
• Rule of 8.
• One idea per item.

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On Screen Presentation

• Power Point, Harward Graphics, Lotus etc.
• Page settings - 640/480 or 800/600 pixels.
• Consistency in look - Font Color
• Screen fonts are different from print fonts.
• Use Slide Master to change design.
• Minimal animation

Do not Distract Audience
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Angiogram - Embolism Infarction
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INTERNET
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Writing the Talk

• Do not rely on ex-tempo - Optional.
• Write down every word of talk
• Write when to change slide
• Begin with description of slide
• Less than 8 double spaced typed pages
• Practice talk for performance timing.

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Delivering the Lecture

• Expect to be nervous!
• Make sure all equipments are working.
• Pause for every comma, full stop Para.
• Keep the pointer away/off when not using.
• What ever you do do not distract audience.

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Presenting a Lecture - Tips

• PLAN Describe your audience and define the
  purpose of talk.
• PREPARE Structure and timing
• PRACTICE Review content, rehearse build
  confidence and enthusiasm.
• PRESENT Own your subject, build rapport with
  audience, hold their attention.
• Dale Carneigie training.

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Question Period

• Three reasons for questions..
• To show their data/knowledge
• To show missing points
• True doubt (rare!)
• Listen to comments, dont be defensive.
• Be professional (Time to learn)
• Watch word is Do unto others

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Some DOs and DONTs

• Do always keep audience in mind
• Do summarise main points at end
• Do evaluate your performance
• Dont restate, ORGANIZE
• Dont confess, PROFESS
• Dont exceed the time allotted.

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End Quote

• It is possible to improve when we critically
  observe others when they teach critically
  evaluate our own performance

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Thank You