The Truth about Cells and their Friendly Parts

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The Truth about Cellsand their Friendly Parts

• By Allison
• and Feyza

All pictures are borrowed from www.google.com,
the image search.
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Cilia - Flagella

• All kingdoms contain come form of cilia or
  flagella.
• Cellular locomotion.
• Human sperm cells, algae, and ferns have
  flagella. Respiratory and female reproductive
  tracts have cilia.
• Formed from specialized groupings of microtubules
  basal bodies.

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Cell Wall

• Both prokaryotic and plant cells contain this
  organelle.
• The function of this organelle is to add
  structure, act as a protective barrier, and
  regulate activity.
• Located in all parts of plants.
• The organelle is very rigid, consisting of a
  poly-saccharide protein in bacteria and cellulose
  in plants.

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Cell Membrane

• All kingdoms contain this organelle.
• Encloses a cell and separates its contents from
  its surroundings. Also, regulates cell activity
  with membrane.
• All cells contain the membrane.
• Phospholipid bilayer thick with proteins embedded
  into it.

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Cytoplasm

• All kingdoms.
• Function of cytoplasm is to hold the other
  organelles securely inside of the cell membrane.
• All cells of all kingdoms contain cytoplasm.
• Semi-fluid matrix, made up mostly of water,
  containing the chemical wealth of the cell, such
  as sugars, amino acids, proteins, and organelles
  (in eukaryotic cells).

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Cytoskeleton

• All eukaryotic cells which have organelles also
  have a cytoskeleton.
• Function is to maintain the shape and support of
  the cell. A variety of organelles are help in
  place with the cytoskeleton.
• Not specific to certain kinds of cells, because
  all cells have a cytoskeleton for support.
• Internal protein, made of microtubules,
  intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.

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Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are present in all kingdoms.
• Function is to assemble proteins.
• Not specific to certain kinds of cells. All
  cells.
• Composed of two sub-units (large and small),
  which join together when ribosome attaches to
  mRNA to produce proteins. Provides framework for
  protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• All kingdoms but monerans contain this organelle.
• Function is to manufacture membranes and secrete
  proteins. Also, to synthesize carbohydrates and
  lipids.
• In particular, pancreas cells utilize the ER to
  secrete insulin. Also, brain cells utilize ER to
  synthesize male and female hormones.
• Extensive network of membranes composed of both
  regions with ribosomes (rough ER) and regions
  without ribosomes (smooth ER).

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Golgi Body

• Located in all eukaryotic cells.
• Manufactures, warehouses, and ships certain
  cellular products (particularly those from the
  endoplasmic reticulum).
• Glandular, for secreting enzymes and other
  substances.
• Composed of flat sacs that are stacked.

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Vacuoles/Vesicles

• These are absent in the moneran kingdom.
• In plant cells, vacuoles are large sacs filled
  with proteins or waste. In animal cells,
  vacuoles are either absent or small. Vesicles
  store and transport enzymes.
• Plant cells contain a considerably greater number
  of vacuoles than animal cells since plant cells
  make their own food.
• Sac-like structure made up of enzymes and
  proteins.

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Mitochondria

• Absent in the moneran kingdom.
• Acts as the power source of the cell, storing
  energy.
• Human muscle cells contain a greater amount of
  mitochondria cells compared to other cells
  because muscles need more power.
• Two membranes inner and outer. Matrix lies
  inside of the twisted cristae.

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Plastids

• Plant kingdom contains chloroplasts, leucoplasts,
  and amyloplasts collectively, these three groups
  make up plastids.
• Chloroplasts are bacteria-like elements which
  contain chlorophyll. Site of photosynthesis in
  plant cells.
• Leucoplasts are chloroplasts that have been
  deprived of light for long periods of time and
  have lost much of their internal structure (in
  root cells).
• Amyloplasts are leucoplasts that store starch
  (amylose).

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Peroxisomes

• Plant kingdom contains these organelles.
• Site of photo-respiration. Also, they contain
  enzymes which transfer hydrogen to oxygen and
  produce hydrogen peroxide, which is catalyzed
  into water oxygen, as a by-product.
• Organelle is generally in all kinds of plant
  cells.
• Micro-bodies bound by single membrane

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Glyoxysomes

• Present in the plant kingdom
• Controls and catalyzes degradation of storage
  fat. Also in charge of mobilization of storage
  compounds (fats).
• Not specific to certain kinds of cells.
• Round and circular containing enzymes.

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Lysosomes

• All kingdoms except monerans contain lysosomes.
  Known as spherosomes in plant cells.
• Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris, and
  also play a role in cell death.
• Not specific to certain kinds of cells.
• Vesicles derived from golgi bodies that contain
  hydrolytic digestive enzymes.

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Microtubules/Filaments/Villi

• All cell kingdoms have at least microtubules or
  filaments or villi.
• Acts for cell support and allows for movement of
  the cell structure.
• Villi are present in the small intestine to aid
  the movement of food.
• Slender, individual, spoke-like structures. A
  filament is the stalk-like structure that
  supports the anther of a stamen.

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Centrioles

• All kingdoms contain these organelles.
• During cell division, centrioles go to opposite
  sides of the cell and organize microtubules that
  drag chromosomes apart.
• Not specific to certain kinds of cells. Any cell
  that divides.
• Tubular bundles of microtubules and located in
  the centrosome.

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Nuclear Membrane

• All kingdoms which have a nucleus also have a
  nuclear membrane.
• Encloses the nucleus, separating the nucleus from
  its surroundings. Acts to regulate objects
  entering and exiting the nucleus.
• Not specific to certain kinds of cells.
• Layer thick with proteins embedded into it.

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Nucleus

• All eukaryotic organisms have this organelle.
• Nucleus contains the genetic information of the
  cell coded in DNA.
• The nucleus is absent in red blood cells as well
  as prokaryotic cells.
• The nucleus is usually spherical or ovoid but may
  be lobed.

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Nucleolus

• All kingdoms contain this organelle, except some
  monerans.
• Function is to assemble ribosomes. Site for RNA
  synthesis, making of ribosomes.
• Not specific to any special kind of cell.
• Structure is rounded.

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Chromatin/Chromosomes

• All kingdoms contain DNA information.
• Contains genetic information that is essential to
  the life of the organism.
• Not specific to certain kinds of cells.
• Bacteria contain single circular strand of DNA,
  whereas other kingdoms contain multiple strands.
  Chromosomes are strands of nucleosomes, which are
  DNA and histones.

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• This has been a