Muckrakers

1
Muckrakers

• Journalists
• Exposed the truth
• Early 1900s
• Upton Sinclair
• Ida Tarbell
• The Jungle
• Food, Inc.
• FDA

2
Upton Sinclair

• The Jungle
• Muckraker
• Meat packing industry
• Book led to legislation
• FDA
• FDR
• Food Inspection Act
• Pure Food and Drug Act

3
Ida Tarbell

• Exposed unfair business practices in the oil
  industry
• Investigative journalist
• Rockefellers
• Standard Oil
• Teacher
• Muckraker
• Wrote The History of Standard Oil

4
Hull House

• Settlement house
• Chicago
• Ellen Gates Starr founded this
• Helped refugees
• First of its kind
• Apartments for immigrants / women

5
Initiative

• Proposed law that comes from the people
• Does not come from lawmakers
• Progressive Era
• Legislative measure
• Has to go through legislative process
• Can be added to legislation as a referendum

6
Referendum

• Where a proposed bill can be voted on by the
  people
• Gave people more say in government
• Used in some cases to recall government officials

7
Recall

• To remove a public official from office
• Vote of the people not the government
• Usually voted on in a referendum
• 20 states had adopted referendum, recall, and/or
  initiative procedures by 1920
• Part of political reforms of the Progressive Era

8
Direct election of the Senators

• 17th amendment
• People voted for senators
• No longer appointed by state legislatures
• 1912
• People have more say in federal government
• Part of the Progressive Era

9
Jim Crow

• Segregation laws in the south
• New way of enslaving African-Americans without
  slavery
• Black codes
• Got rid of all blacks rights
• Mostly aimed at keeping blacks from voting
• Led to the Freedmens Bureau

10
Plessy v. Ferguson

• 1896 segregation in public places is legal
• Established separate but equal clause
• Second major racial Landmark Supreme Court case
• Last 60 years until Brown v. Board of Education
• Enforced judicial review

11
NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People
• Racial equality
• Founded in 1909
• Booker T. Washington
• Non-violent means to equality

12
Anti-immigration sentiment

• Lead to immigration restrictions
• Nativism
• Chinese-Exclusion Act
• Low wage jobs
• Quota system
• Nationalism
• Continues into today

13
Chinese Exclusion Act

• Prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers,
  merchants, tourists, and government officials
  from entering the US
• 1882
• Limited the number of Chinese immigrants
• Discrimination in the Railroad industry

14
Spanish-American War

• America wanted to free Cuba from Spanish control
• Triggered by the sinking of the USS Maine
• Treaty of Paris ended it in 1898
• Rough Riders
• America gained the Philippines
• Teddy Roosevelt
• Big Stick Policy
• Showed America as a major world power

15
American Expansionism

• Expand the size of the nation under imperialism
• Manifest Destiny (economically)
• Hawaii, Philippines, etc.
• Alaska
• Increase military strength
• Puerto Rico

16
Philippine-American War

• Led by Aguinaldo
• Revolt against the US
• Revolting against annexation by the US
• Revolt was stopped by US
• US did not annex the Philippines

17
Roosevelt Corollary

• Extension of the Monroe Doctrine
• We would protect the western hemisphere against
  European interference
• 1904
• Spread democracy
• World police
• Our right to protect economic interest by
  military intervention if necessary

18
Panama Canal

• aided in trade between coasts
• Connected the Atlantic and the Pacific
• Opened in 1914
• Gave it back to Panama eventually
• Built by US
• Helped Panamanians gain freedom from Colombia
• Took 10 years
• 51 miles long

19
U.S. Neutrality

• Attempt to stay out of international wars
• Lend-Lease Act
• Isolationism
• Not successful

20
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• Use of subs against non-military vessels
• Lusitania
• WWI
• German U-boats
• TOTAL WAR
• Caused US to enter the war (one reason)

21
Great Migration

• Movement of African-Americans from South to North
• During WWI
• Following the jobs
• Growth of cities in the north
• Harlem Renaissance
• Early 20th century

22
Espionage Act

• Law against speaking out against the war effort
• Passed along side the Alien and Sedition Acts
• 1917
• Jailed and fined for speaking out
• Determined unconstitutional because it went
  against 1st amendment

23
Eugene V. Debs

• American Railroad Union
• Wanted skilled workers
• Leader of the democratic socialist party
• Ran for president from jail
• Arrested for protesting the war

24
18th Amendment

• Prohibition
• 1919
• Led to speakeasies
• Led to bootlegging
• Gangs, organized crime (MOB)
• Later repealed by 21st amendment
• Al Capone

25
19th amendment

• Womens right to vote
• 1920
• Result of women involvement in WWI
• Seneca Falls Convention
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony

26
Fourteen Points

• Woodrow Wilsons plan to make peace after WWI
• Congress did NOT agree to join the League of
  Nations
• Opposed by nations that wanted to punish Germany
  for WWI

27
League of Nations

• Established in 1920 to promote international
  cooperation and peace
• Mostly European
• First attempt at Global Peace keeping body
• Henry Cabot Law
• US did not join

28
Communism

• Economic and political system based on a one
  party government (totalitarianism)
• China
• Russian Revolution 1917 and the creation of the
  USSR
• Everyone is equal
• Red Scare

29
Socialism

• Government control of business and property and
  equal distribution of wealth
• Communism Lite
• Economic system opposite of capitalism

30
Red Scare

• Fear of the spread of communism after WWI
• After the Bolshevik Revolution
• Resulted in immigration legislation
• Communist political party was formed in US
• Share Our Wealth program - Huey Long

31
Immigration Restrictions

• Immigrants were required to pass literacy tests
• Quota system 1921
• Fear of communism
• Ellis and Angel Island
• Gentlemens Agreement
• Southern and Eastern European Immigrants

32
Radio

• 1920s brought families together
• Entertainment
• News
• Advertising
• Roaring Twenties
• Presidential Elections
• Fireside talks
• War of the Worlds

33
Movies

• 1920s silent movies and black/white
• Entertainment
• Charlie Chaplin
• Buster Keaton
• Wizard of Oz
• New era of movie stars
• Influenced fashion
• Clara Bow

34
Jazz

• Harlem Renaissance
• Louis Armstrong
• Flappers
• Louisiana
• Improv
• 1920s
• New Orleans
• Charleston

35
Harlem Renaissance

• Revival of African-American culture and art
• Langston Hughes
• Didnt last long
• Ended by Great Depression
• Louis Armstrong

36
Langston Hughes

• African American author during the Harlem
  Renaissance
• Poet
• Russian friend (communist)
• Wrote about the troubles of being
  African-American

37
Louis Armstrong

• Famous musician during the Harlem Renaissance
• Trumpet
• New Orleans
• Chicago jazz musician

38
Tin Pan Alley

• Composers and lyricists
• Sub-genre of Jazz movement
• Irving Berlin
• Manhattan and other parts of New York City
• Place of music

39
Irving Berlin

• Playwright and composer
• Wrote White Christmas and God Bless America
• Part of Tin Pan Alley Movement
• Publisher
• 150 songs

40
Mass Production

• Henry Ford
• 1920s
• Sped up production
• Made cars affordable
• Cheaper labor
• Contributed to urbanization
• Assembly line
• Led to overproduction

• Faster, more economic, efficient way of
  production
• Model T
• Interchangeable parts
• Eli Whitney
• Cotton gin

41
Stock Market crash

• Black Tuesday
• 10/29/1929
• Contributing factor of the Great Depression
• Caused by buying on margin
• Caused closing of banks
• Risky bank loans

42
Great Depression

• Extended economic recession
• Hoovervilles
• New Deal
• FDR
• 1929-1940
• 25 unemployment
• Highest suicide rate
• Global effect

• After WWI
• Inflation
• Over-production
• Under consumption
• Use of credit
• Wages not increasing

43
Dust Bowl

• Farming over-production
• Drought
• West
• 1930s
• AAA
• Led to farmers moving to California
• Not using crop rotation
• Over grazing
• Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico

44
Hooverville

• Thought Hoover was the cause of the Great
  Depression
• Shantytowns
• Unemployed, homeless people
• All over the US
• Named after president Hoover

45
Tennessee Valley Authority

• Part of the New Deal
• Dams and bridges along the Tennessee River Valley
• Created jobs
• Provided electricity
• 1933
• Provided economic development in the Tennessee
  Valley

46
Second New Deal

• Roosevelt
• 1934-1935
• Great depression
• Court Packing Bill
• Social Security
• TVA
• CCC
• AAA
• FDIC

47
Wagner Act

• Collective bargaining
• Re-established the NIRA
• promoted labor unions
• Limited ways employers could react to labor
  unions
• Established in 1935
• Protected workers rights
• Better hours - higher wages
• Cant fire people for being in a union

48
Industrial Revolution

• Growth of cities
• Machines were used more
• Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
  mining, and transport
• Hand tools were used less
• Change in social and economic organization
• People got factory jobs
• Mass production
• Assembly line
• Henry Ford

49
Social Security Act

• New Deal
• Retired, elderly, disabled
• Most costly part of the New Deal
• Increased taxes
• Guaranteed retirement for some
• Still exists today
• Helped families with disabled children
• 1935
• FDR

50
Eleanor Roosevelt

• Social reformer
• Accepted blacks into the White House
• Advocate for civil rights
• FDRs wife
• Roosevelts eyes and ears
• Womens rights
• Childrens advocate

51
Huey Long

• Socialist
• Share Our Wealth
• U.S. senator
• Supported social programs
• Thought the New Deal was not enough
• Turned against Roosevelt
• Communist
• Very popular
• Assassinated

52
Neutrality Acts

• Came from nationalism / isolationism
• Foreign policy of the late 1930s and early 1940s
• Prevented the US from being drawn into war
• 1935
• No sale of weapons to countries that were at war
• Loosened by the Lend-Lease Act

53
Court Packing Bill

• Roosevelts attempt to pack the Supreme Court so
  the New Deal could not be challenged
• Addition of 6 new members
• Did not pass!!!
• 1937
• Wanted younger more liberal people on the court

54
A. Philip Randolph

• Key Civil Rights leader before and during WWII
• Won Roosevelts support for equality in the
  workforce (war industries)
• Founded brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
• Negotiated with Roosevelt about civil rights and
  workers rights
• Stopped march on DC because of Roosevelts
  executive order about hiring practices

55
Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941
• Triggered American involvement in WWII
• Bombing by Japan
• Sneak attack
• Hawaii
• Main targets were saved because they were out to
  sea
• Ninja skills

56
Internment

• Camps for Japanese Americans
• Fear of spies
• Germans, Italians
• Holding people without cause
• Mostly in the west
• Violates civil rights
• During WWII here in the US

57
Mobilization

• Assemble troops for war
• Private sector switches to wartime manufacturing
• Getting troops and supplies ready for war
• Happened very quickly after Pearl Harbor
• DRAFT
• Pulled a lot of people out of school
• Women to work
• More people volunteered than were drafted

58
Wartime Conservation

• Rationing
• Recycling drives
• Rubber
• Scrap metal
• Save supplies for troops
• Coupons
• War bonds
• Increased Patriotism

59
Rationing

• Gas
• Food items (coupon books)
• Sugar
• Coffee
• Meat
• Pantyhose
• Rubber

60
Lend-Lease Act

• Way around the Neutrality Acts
• Allowed US to aid countries that were essential
  to the safety of the USA!
• Loophole in Neutrality Acts
• Lend arms to Great Britain in return for some
  small islands and being able to set up military
  bases
• 1941

61
Battle of Midway

• Turning point of WWII in the Pacific
• Japanese plans were decoded and they lost
• Americans intercepted Japanese fighter planes
• Sunk 4 Japanese Aircraft Carriers
• Japanese never recovered after this
• June 1942

62
D-Day

• 6-6-44
• Normandy beaches
• Lots of troops
• Largest beach landing in history
• Bloodiest, longest battle of WWII
• largest use of paratroopers in combat 20,000
• Largest US involvement in the War in Europe
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Operation Overlord
• Sneak Attack

63
Battle of Berlin

• Russia against Germany
• Germans retreated to the west to surrender to GB
  and France
• 1945
• Hitler did not leave Berlin
• Committed suicide and killed his dog and wife
  killed herself
• Berlin was divided between France, Russia, GB,
  and USA

64
Atom Bomb

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Manhattan Project
• Los Alamos
• Decision made by Truman
• Fat Man
• Little Boy
• Ended WWII in the Pacific
• Einstein
• Enola Gay
• Started the Cold War

65
Los Alamos

• Test site of the Atomic Bomb
• New Mexico
• Manhattan Project location
• Radiation fallout
• Very secret

66
Manhattan Project

• Code name for atomic bomb testing and development
• Albert Einstein
• Los Alamos, New Mexico
• Indirect cause of the Cold War and increased
  tensions with USSR
• Building of the Atomic Bomb
• Very secret

67
Marshall Plan

• 1947-1951
• Economic aid to European countries under threat
  from the Soviets
• Led to the Berlin Airlift
• Plan to reconstruct European economies after WWII
• Made Russia angry
• Fighting the spread of communism

68
Containment

• Prevent the spread of communism
• Offspring of the Truman Doctrine
• Foreign policy after WWII and throughout the Cold
  War
• Cause of US involvement in Korea and Vietnam
• Prevent the domino effect / theory

69
Truman Doctrine

• Offered military as well as economic aid
• Aimed at protecting the world against the Domino
  Theory of the spread of communism
• Issued by President Truman
• 1947

70
Korean War

• 38th parallel divides North and South Korea
• 1950-1953
• US and other UN countries fought with South Korea
  against North Korea and China
• No real change because of outcome
• US and South winning until China came to the aid
  of North Korea
• Fighting the spread of communism

71
Chinese Civil War

• Between the communists and nationalists
• Mao Ze Dong
• Ho Chi Minh
• Communism is established in China
• 1944-1947

72
McCarthyism

• Red Scare
• Witch hunt for communists
• The Crucible
• Begun by Senator Joseph McCarthy
• Accusations were mostly unfounded
• Early 1950s
• Black listed many celebrities
• Eventually faded out

73
Cuban Revolution

• Fidel Castro
• Brought communism VERY close to home
• Allied with the Soviet Union
• Bay of Pigs
• Led to the Cuban missile crisis
• Most of the revolutionaries werent Cuban

74
Bay of Pigs

• One of JFKs biggest mistakes
• Lacked full support of the U.S. government
• Did NOT work
• 1961
• CIA did not have enough information about
  resistance
• Ended friendly relations between the US and Cuba
• Led by Cuban refugees

75
Cuban Missile Crisis

• Missiles in Cuba aimed at the United States
• Capable of reaching as far as Seattle
• 1962
• Closest we have ever come to nuclear war
• 13 Days
• Peak of the Cold War
• Soviet Union presence in Cuba for offensive
  purposes

76
Vietnam War

• US eventually pulled out
• Tet Offensive
• Agent orange
• Charlie
• Student Protests
• Across the Universe
• First US involvement in war that was not
  considered a US victory
• Vietcong
• huge anti-war movement

77
Tet Offensive

• January 1968
• 10 month long offensive against the South
  Vietnamese and the US
• Ended attrition
• Surprise attack by the Vietcong
• Won the war for North Vietnam

78
Baby Boom

• Population increase
• SEX
• Big impact on Social Security
• 1945-1965
• Peak was in 1957 4 million babies were born
• Lack of education
• Soldiers getting back from the war

79
Levittown

• Long Island
• First suburb, led to more suburbs around the
  country
• Mass production of housing
• New York
• Led to need for Highway Act
• William Levitt

80
Interstate Highway Act

• Result of increase in suburbs
• Transport military equipment
• Connect all major US cities
• Eisenhower
• 1956

81
Kennedy/Nixon presidential Debate

• First televised presidential debate
• Influenced popular opinion
• Women voted for JFK
• Kennedy was more appealing to the people
• JFK was coached on appearance and body language
• JFK had more charisma
• Nixon had more foreign policy knowledge
• 1960 election

82
TV News Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement

• Caused sympathy for the movement
• Angered Americans witnessing violence
• Caused more awareness
• Led to legislation about Civil Rights and
  individual liberties

83
Technology of the 1970s

• Personal Computer
• Beginnings of cell phones
• APPLE
• Free-standing public telephone booth
• Entertainment

84
Sputnik I

• Russian satellite
• Space race
• Increased Cold War Tensions
• 1957
• First artificial satellite
• Americans became fearful of spies
• Eisenhower

85
Jackie Robinson

• First African-American baseball player in the
  major league
• Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers
• First African American inducted into the baseball
  hall of fame
• Broke the color barrier for all professional
  sports

86
Harry Truman

• 33rd president
• Acknowledged Israel as a sovereign nation
• Issued the Truman Doctrine
• FDRs vice president
• 1945-1953
• Chose to use the atom bomb

87
Brown v. Board of Education

• Separate but equal clause is not constitutional
• Integrated schools
• Led to the Civil Rights Act
• 1954
• Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
• Third major landmark Supreme Court Case dealing
  with race
• Under the Warren Court

88
Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Civil rights leader
• Letter from Birmingham Jail
• Assassinated in Memphis 1968
• Preacher
• Non-violent
• I Have a Dream
• Very young African-American activist

89
Letter From Birmingham Jail

• MLK, Jr.
• Garnered support for non-violent protests
• Now is the time!
• Asking for support from white southern Christian
  leaders
• Call to Action for people to be non-violent

90
I Have a Dream Speech

• Washington, D.C.
• 250,000 people present
• MLK, Jr.
• Blacks and whites unite
• 1963
• Lincoln Memorial

91
Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Segregation in all public facilities illegal
• Fed. Govt power to enforce school desegregation
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

92
Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Ended literacy tests
• Provided federal registrars in areas blacks had
  been kept from voting

93
Warren Court

• Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-69)
• Impact compared to John Marshall
• Desegregation (Brown v. Board of Education)
• Protected defendants rights
• Miranda v. Arizona Gideon v. Wainwright Baker
  v. Carr etc.

94
Miranda v. Arizona

• Provided a defendant with the right to a lawyer
  being present when questioned by police

95
Assassination of President Kennedy

• Nov. 22, 1963
• Dallas, Texas
• Lee Harvey Oswald
• Warren Commission concluded Oswald was lone
  assassin

96
Great Society

• President Lyndon Johnson
• Goal Provide domestic programs that eliminated
  poverty racial injustice
• Food Stamp Act Medicare Medicaid Elementary
  Secondary Education Act

97
Medicare

• Party of Great Society
• Provided health insurance for 65 and older

98
Tet Offensive

• January, 1968
• Surprise attacks by Vietcong of South Vietnams
  provincial capitals and American bases
• Destruction seen on TV in U.S. convinced many
  Americans war would be difficult to win
• Further split support for war

99
Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

• April, 1968
• Memphis, Tennessee
• Killed by James Early Ray
• Led to riots all over the U.S.

100
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy

• June, 1968
• Los Angeles, California
• Shot killed by Arab nationalist Sirhan Sirhan
  who disliked Kennedys support of Israel

101
1968 Democratic National Convention

• Chicago
• Antiwar protesters outside the convention led
  to violence when police became involved
• Televised as a police riot
• Dem. Party greatly divided at the time

102
SCLC

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference
• Led by MLK Jr.
• Organized ministers churches to coordinate
  peaceful protests in the struggle for civil rights

103
SNCC

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
• Emerged from student organized protests Sit-in
  in Greensboro, NC
• Sit-ins Freedom rides
• Later, become more focused on black power

104
Anti-Vietnam War Movement
105
Womens Movement

• 1960s
• The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan
  encouraged middle class women to seek
  professional careers in addition to filling the
  traditional roles
• Campaign for Equal Rights Amendment
• Accomplished changes in attitudes hiring
  practices
• Moved into professions previously dominated by
  males
• ERA defeated by conservatives

106
National Organization of Women

• NOW
• Adopted activist tactics similar to civil rights
  movement
• Pushed for Equal treatment of women, especially
  for job opportunities

107
United Farm Workers Movement

• Led by Cesar Chavez
• Organized strikes boycotts to improve
  conditions for farm workers (many were Hispanic
  Americans)
• Increased compensation, collective bargaining
  rights, etc.

108
Environmental Movement

• 1st Earth Day 1970
• Growing concern over air water pollution,
  destruction of natural environment.
• Clean Air Act
• Environmental Protection agency created
• Endangered Species Act
• Began to regulate toxic substances, dumping of
  waste, protect environment, etc.

109
Silent Spring

• Rachel Carson
• Expose of pesticides
• Led to Clean air water laws

110
Conservative Movement
111
Barry Goldwater

• Republican Presidential candidate 1964 (Lost to
  LBJ)

112
Richard M. Nixon
113
Roe v. Wade

• Struck down many state laws that prohibited
  abortions violation of womens right to privacy

114
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

• Challenged admission policy of medical school
• Supreme Court ruled that race can be considered
  in admission, but racial quotas were
  unconstitutional

115
Nixons visit to China

• Détente- period of improved relations between
  USSR US easing of tensions
• Nixon visit significant in improving relations
  with Communist China

116
Watergate Scandal
117
Gerald Ford
118
Jimmy Carter
119
Camp David Accords

• President Carter organized a meeting at Camp
  David in Maryland
• Israeli Prime Minister Begin Egyptian President
  Anwar Sadat
• Negotiates framework of peace settlement between
  two countries
• Egypt becomes 1st Arab nation to recognize
  Israel Israel withdraws from Sinai territory

120
Iranian Revolution

• Ayatollah Khomeini Islamic fundamentalists
  overthrow shah (whose policy of westernization
  had angered many Iranians)
• Ayatollah halted oil production causing
  worldwide shortage

121
Iranian Hostage Crisis

• Iranian militants seize U.S. embassy in Tehran
• Oppose Carter allowing former Shah into U.S. for
  cancer treatment
• Revolutionaries also want to break U.S.
  interference in their region
• Hold more than 50 members of staff hostage for
  444 days

122
Ronald Reagan
123
Reaganomics

• Supply-side economics
• Tax cuts reduction in government spending leads
  to increased spending by private sector more
  jobs, production prosperity
• Trickle-down economics wealthy prosper and
  their increased spending benefits middle class
  and poor

124
Iran-Contra Scandal

• Reagan administration sells weapons to Iran to
  help fight Iraq
• Use money to fund the Contras in Nicaragua to
  help try to overthrow the government
• Televised the congressional investigation led
  to a momentary popularity drop for Reagan

125
Collapse of the Soviet Union

• Gorbachev
• Glasnost
• Perestroika
• Independence of satellite states Hungary,
  Poland, Czech
• Berlin Wall down

126
Bill Clinton
127
North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA

• Eliminated trade barriers between Canada, United
  States Mexico

128
Impeachment of Bill Clinton

• House of Reps vote to impeach on counts of
  perjury obstruction of justice (lying about
  personal life)
• Senate trial does not uphold either charge
• Damaged Clintons reputation

129
Electoral College

• 2000 presidential race of Bush Gore
• Came down to Floridas 25 electoral votes
• Democrats ask for recount b/c of punch card
  errors
• Bush v. Gore Supreme Court overrules Florida
  courts demand for recount Equal Protection
  clause
• Bush is President

130
George W. Bush
131
Operation Enduring Freedom

• Response to attacks on Sept. 11, 2001
• Targets Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda in
  Afghanistan
• Gain power in Afghanistan, pushing Al-Qaeda into
  mountains
• Remains unstable b/c of Taliban insurgency
  tribal conflicts

132
Operation Iraqi Freedom

• Claim Iraq had not complied with many U.N.
  resolutions specifically having WMDs
• Launch air attacks March, 2003
• End Saddam Husseins dictatorship in less than 4
  weeks
• Criticism and division of support when no WMDs
  found
• Violence continues