Title: Muckrakers
1Muckrakers
- Journalists
- Exposed the truth
- Early 1900s
- Upton Sinclair
- Ida Tarbell
- The Jungle
- Food, Inc.
- FDA
2Upton Sinclair
- The Jungle
- Muckraker
- Meat packing industry
- Book led to legislation
- FDA
- FDR
- Food Inspection Act
- Pure Food and Drug Act
3Ida Tarbell
- Exposed unfair business practices in the oil
industry - Investigative journalist
- Rockefellers
- Standard Oil
- Teacher
- Muckraker
- Wrote The History of Standard Oil
4Hull House
- Settlement house
- Chicago
- Ellen Gates Starr founded this
- Helped refugees
- First of its kind
- Apartments for immigrants / women
5Initiative
- Proposed law that comes from the people
- Does not come from lawmakers
- Progressive Era
- Legislative measure
- Has to go through legislative process
- Can be added to legislation as a referendum
6Referendum
- Where a proposed bill can be voted on by the
people - Gave people more say in government
- Used in some cases to recall government officials
7Recall
- To remove a public official from office
- Vote of the people not the government
- Usually voted on in a referendum
- 20 states had adopted referendum, recall, and/or
initiative procedures by 1920 - Part of political reforms of the Progressive Era
8Direct election of the Senators
- 17th amendment
- People voted for senators
- No longer appointed by state legislatures
- 1912
- People have more say in federal government
- Part of the Progressive Era
9Jim Crow
- Segregation laws in the south
- New way of enslaving African-Americans without
slavery - Black codes
- Got rid of all blacks rights
- Mostly aimed at keeping blacks from voting
- Led to the Freedmens Bureau
10Plessy v. Ferguson
- 1896 segregation in public places is legal
- Established separate but equal clause
- Second major racial Landmark Supreme Court case
- Last 60 years until Brown v. Board of Education
- Enforced judicial review
11NAACP
- National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People - Racial equality
- Founded in 1909
- Booker T. Washington
- Non-violent means to equality
12Anti-immigration sentiment
- Lead to immigration restrictions
- Nativism
- Chinese-Exclusion Act
- Low wage jobs
- Quota system
- Nationalism
- Continues into today
13Chinese Exclusion Act
- Prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers,
merchants, tourists, and government officials
from entering the US - 1882
- Limited the number of Chinese immigrants
- Discrimination in the Railroad industry
14Spanish-American War
- America wanted to free Cuba from Spanish control
- Triggered by the sinking of the USS Maine
- Treaty of Paris ended it in 1898
- Rough Riders
- America gained the Philippines
- Teddy Roosevelt
- Big Stick Policy
- Showed America as a major world power
15American Expansionism
- Expand the size of the nation under imperialism
- Manifest Destiny (economically)
- Hawaii, Philippines, etc.
- Alaska
- Increase military strength
- Puerto Rico
16Philippine-American War
- Led by Aguinaldo
- Revolt against the US
- Revolting against annexation by the US
- Revolt was stopped by US
- US did not annex the Philippines
17Roosevelt Corollary
- Extension of the Monroe Doctrine
- We would protect the western hemisphere against
European interference - 1904
- Spread democracy
- World police
- Our right to protect economic interest by
military intervention if necessary
18Panama Canal
- aided in trade between coasts
- Connected the Atlantic and the Pacific
- Opened in 1914
- Gave it back to Panama eventually
- Built by US
- Helped Panamanians gain freedom from Colombia
- Took 10 years
- 51 miles long
19U.S. Neutrality
- Attempt to stay out of international wars
- Lend-Lease Act
- Isolationism
- Not successful
20Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
- Use of subs against non-military vessels
- Lusitania
- WWI
- German U-boats
- TOTAL WAR
- Caused US to enter the war (one reason)
21Great Migration
- Movement of African-Americans from South to North
- During WWI
- Following the jobs
- Growth of cities in the north
- Harlem Renaissance
- Early 20th century
22Espionage Act
- Law against speaking out against the war effort
- Passed along side the Alien and Sedition Acts
- 1917
- Jailed and fined for speaking out
- Determined unconstitutional because it went
against 1st amendment
23Eugene V. Debs
- American Railroad Union
- Wanted skilled workers
- Leader of the democratic socialist party
- Ran for president from jail
- Arrested for protesting the war
2418th Amendment
- Prohibition
- 1919
- Led to speakeasies
- Led to bootlegging
- Gangs, organized crime (MOB)
- Later repealed by 21st amendment
- Al Capone
2519th amendment
- Womens right to vote
- 1920
- Result of women involvement in WWI
- Seneca Falls Convention
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Susan B. Anthony
26Fourteen Points
- Woodrow Wilsons plan to make peace after WWI
- Congress did NOT agree to join the League of
Nations - Opposed by nations that wanted to punish Germany
for WWI
27League of Nations
- Established in 1920 to promote international
cooperation and peace - Mostly European
- First attempt at Global Peace keeping body
- Henry Cabot Law
- US did not join
28Communism
- Economic and political system based on a one
party government (totalitarianism) - China
- Russian Revolution 1917 and the creation of the
USSR - Everyone is equal
- Red Scare
29Socialism
- Government control of business and property and
equal distribution of wealth - Communism Lite
- Economic system opposite of capitalism
30Red Scare
- Fear of the spread of communism after WWI
- After the Bolshevik Revolution
- Resulted in immigration legislation
- Communist political party was formed in US
- Share Our Wealth program - Huey Long
31Immigration Restrictions
- Immigrants were required to pass literacy tests
- Quota system 1921
- Fear of communism
- Ellis and Angel Island
- Gentlemens Agreement
- Southern and Eastern European Immigrants
32Radio
- 1920s brought families together
- Entertainment
- News
- Advertising
- Roaring Twenties
- Presidential Elections
- Fireside talks
- War of the Worlds
33Movies
- 1920s silent movies and black/white
- Entertainment
- Charlie Chaplin
- Buster Keaton
- Wizard of Oz
- New era of movie stars
- Influenced fashion
- Clara Bow
34Jazz
- Harlem Renaissance
- Louis Armstrong
- Flappers
- Louisiana
- Improv
- 1920s
- New Orleans
- Charleston
35Harlem Renaissance
- Revival of African-American culture and art
- Langston Hughes
- Didnt last long
- Ended by Great Depression
- Louis Armstrong
36Langston Hughes
- African American author during the Harlem
Renaissance - Poet
- Russian friend (communist)
- Wrote about the troubles of being
African-American
37Louis Armstrong
- Famous musician during the Harlem Renaissance
- Trumpet
- New Orleans
- Chicago jazz musician
38Tin Pan Alley
- Composers and lyricists
- Sub-genre of Jazz movement
- Irving Berlin
- Manhattan and other parts of New York City
- Place of music
39Irving Berlin
- Playwright and composer
- Wrote White Christmas and God Bless America
- Part of Tin Pan Alley Movement
- Publisher
- 150 songs
40Mass Production
- Henry Ford
- 1920s
- Sped up production
- Made cars affordable
- Cheaper labor
- Contributed to urbanization
- Assembly line
- Led to overproduction
- Faster, more economic, efficient way of
production - Model T
- Interchangeable parts
- Eli Whitney
- Cotton gin
41Stock Market crash
- Black Tuesday
- 10/29/1929
- Contributing factor of the Great Depression
- Caused by buying on margin
- Caused closing of banks
- Risky bank loans
42Great Depression
- Extended economic recession
- Hoovervilles
- New Deal
- FDR
- 1929-1940
- 25 unemployment
- Highest suicide rate
- Global effect
- After WWI
- Inflation
- Over-production
- Under consumption
- Use of credit
- Wages not increasing
43Dust Bowl
- Farming over-production
- Drought
- West
- 1930s
- AAA
- Led to farmers moving to California
- Not using crop rotation
- Over grazing
- Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico
44Hooverville
- Thought Hoover was the cause of the Great
Depression - Shantytowns
- Unemployed, homeless people
- All over the US
- Named after president Hoover
45Tennessee Valley Authority
- Part of the New Deal
- Dams and bridges along the Tennessee River Valley
- Created jobs
- Provided electricity
- 1933
- Provided economic development in the Tennessee
Valley
46Second New Deal
- Roosevelt
- 1934-1935
- Great depression
- Court Packing Bill
- Social Security
- TVA
- CCC
- AAA
- FDIC
47Wagner Act
- Collective bargaining
- Re-established the NIRA
- promoted labor unions
- Limited ways employers could react to labor
unions - Established in 1935
- Protected workers rights
- Better hours - higher wages
- Cant fire people for being in a union
48Industrial Revolution
- Growth of cities
- Machines were used more
- Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
mining, and transport - Hand tools were used less
- Change in social and economic organization
- People got factory jobs
- Mass production
- Assembly line
- Henry Ford
49Social Security Act
- New Deal
- Retired, elderly, disabled
- Most costly part of the New Deal
- Increased taxes
- Guaranteed retirement for some
- Still exists today
- Helped families with disabled children
- 1935
- FDR
50Eleanor Roosevelt
- Social reformer
- Accepted blacks into the White House
- Advocate for civil rights
- FDRs wife
- Roosevelts eyes and ears
- Womens rights
- Childrens advocate
51Huey Long
- Socialist
- Share Our Wealth
- U.S. senator
- Supported social programs
- Thought the New Deal was not enough
- Turned against Roosevelt
- Communist
- Very popular
- Assassinated
52Neutrality Acts
- Came from nationalism / isolationism
- Foreign policy of the late 1930s and early 1940s
- Prevented the US from being drawn into war
- 1935
- No sale of weapons to countries that were at war
- Loosened by the Lend-Lease Act
53Court Packing Bill
- Roosevelts attempt to pack the Supreme Court so
the New Deal could not be challenged - Addition of 6 new members
- Did not pass!!!
- 1937
- Wanted younger more liberal people on the court
54A. Philip Randolph
- Key Civil Rights leader before and during WWII
- Won Roosevelts support for equality in the
workforce (war industries) - Founded brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
- Negotiated with Roosevelt about civil rights and
workers rights - Stopped march on DC because of Roosevelts
executive order about hiring practices
55Pearl Harbor
- December 7, 1941
- Triggered American involvement in WWII
- Bombing by Japan
- Sneak attack
- Hawaii
- Main targets were saved because they were out to
sea - Ninja skills
56Internment
- Camps for Japanese Americans
- Fear of spies
- Germans, Italians
- Holding people without cause
- Mostly in the west
- Violates civil rights
- During WWII here in the US
57Mobilization
- Assemble troops for war
- Private sector switches to wartime manufacturing
- Getting troops and supplies ready for war
- Happened very quickly after Pearl Harbor
- DRAFT
- Pulled a lot of people out of school
- Women to work
- More people volunteered than were drafted
58Wartime Conservation
- Rationing
- Recycling drives
- Rubber
- Scrap metal
- Save supplies for troops
- Coupons
- War bonds
- Increased Patriotism
59Rationing
- Gas
- Food items (coupon books)
- Sugar
- Coffee
- Meat
- Pantyhose
- Rubber
60Lend-Lease Act
- Way around the Neutrality Acts
- Allowed US to aid countries that were essential
to the safety of the USA! - Loophole in Neutrality Acts
- Lend arms to Great Britain in return for some
small islands and being able to set up military
bases - 1941
61Battle of Midway
- Turning point of WWII in the Pacific
- Japanese plans were decoded and they lost
- Americans intercepted Japanese fighter planes
- Sunk 4 Japanese Aircraft Carriers
- Japanese never recovered after this
- June 1942
62D-Day
- 6-6-44
- Normandy beaches
- Lots of troops
- Largest beach landing in history
- Bloodiest, longest battle of WWII
- largest use of paratroopers in combat 20,000
- Largest US involvement in the War in Europe
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Operation Overlord
- Sneak Attack
63Battle of Berlin
- Russia against Germany
- Germans retreated to the west to surrender to GB
and France - 1945
- Hitler did not leave Berlin
- Committed suicide and killed his dog and wife
killed herself - Berlin was divided between France, Russia, GB,
and USA
64Atom Bomb
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- Manhattan Project
- Los Alamos
- Decision made by Truman
- Fat Man
- Little Boy
- Ended WWII in the Pacific
- Einstein
- Enola Gay
- Started the Cold War
65Los Alamos
- Test site of the Atomic Bomb
- New Mexico
- Manhattan Project location
- Radiation fallout
- Very secret
66Manhattan Project
- Code name for atomic bomb testing and development
- Albert Einstein
- Los Alamos, New Mexico
- Indirect cause of the Cold War and increased
tensions with USSR - Building of the Atomic Bomb
- Very secret
67Marshall Plan
- 1947-1951
- Economic aid to European countries under threat
from the Soviets - Led to the Berlin Airlift
- Plan to reconstruct European economies after WWII
- Made Russia angry
- Fighting the spread of communism
68Containment
- Prevent the spread of communism
- Offspring of the Truman Doctrine
- Foreign policy after WWII and throughout the Cold
War - Cause of US involvement in Korea and Vietnam
- Prevent the domino effect / theory
69Truman Doctrine
- Offered military as well as economic aid
- Aimed at protecting the world against the Domino
Theory of the spread of communism - Issued by President Truman
- 1947
70Korean War
- 38th parallel divides North and South Korea
- 1950-1953
- US and other UN countries fought with South Korea
against North Korea and China - No real change because of outcome
- US and South winning until China came to the aid
of North Korea - Fighting the spread of communism
71Chinese Civil War
- Between the communists and nationalists
- Mao Ze Dong
- Ho Chi Minh
- Communism is established in China
- 1944-1947
72McCarthyism
- Red Scare
- Witch hunt for communists
- The Crucible
- Begun by Senator Joseph McCarthy
- Accusations were mostly unfounded
- Early 1950s
- Black listed many celebrities
- Eventually faded out
73Cuban Revolution
- Fidel Castro
- Brought communism VERY close to home
- Allied with the Soviet Union
- Bay of Pigs
- Led to the Cuban missile crisis
- Most of the revolutionaries werent Cuban
74Bay of Pigs
- One of JFKs biggest mistakes
- Lacked full support of the U.S. government
- Did NOT work
- 1961
- CIA did not have enough information about
resistance - Ended friendly relations between the US and Cuba
- Led by Cuban refugees
75Cuban Missile Crisis
- Missiles in Cuba aimed at the United States
- Capable of reaching as far as Seattle
- 1962
- Closest we have ever come to nuclear war
- 13 Days
- Peak of the Cold War
- Soviet Union presence in Cuba for offensive
purposes
76Vietnam War
- US eventually pulled out
- Tet Offensive
- Agent orange
- Charlie
- Student Protests
- Across the Universe
- First US involvement in war that was not
considered a US victory - Vietcong
- huge anti-war movement
77Tet Offensive
- January 1968
- 10 month long offensive against the South
Vietnamese and the US - Ended attrition
- Surprise attack by the Vietcong
- Won the war for North Vietnam
78Baby Boom
- Population increase
- SEX
- Big impact on Social Security
- 1945-1965
- Peak was in 1957 4 million babies were born
- Lack of education
- Soldiers getting back from the war
79Levittown
- Long Island
- First suburb, led to more suburbs around the
country - Mass production of housing
- New York
- Led to need for Highway Act
- William Levitt
80Interstate Highway Act
- Result of increase in suburbs
- Transport military equipment
- Connect all major US cities
- Eisenhower
- 1956
81Kennedy/Nixon presidential Debate
- First televised presidential debate
- Influenced popular opinion
- Women voted for JFK
- Kennedy was more appealing to the people
- JFK was coached on appearance and body language
- JFK had more charisma
- Nixon had more foreign policy knowledge
- 1960 election
82TV News Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement
- Caused sympathy for the movement
- Angered Americans witnessing violence
- Caused more awareness
- Led to legislation about Civil Rights and
individual liberties
83Technology of the 1970s
- Personal Computer
- Beginnings of cell phones
- APPLE
- Free-standing public telephone booth
- Entertainment
84Sputnik I
- Russian satellite
- Space race
- Increased Cold War Tensions
- 1957
- First artificial satellite
- Americans became fearful of spies
- Eisenhower
85Jackie Robinson
- First African-American baseball player in the
major league - Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers
- First African American inducted into the baseball
hall of fame - Broke the color barrier for all professional
sports
86Harry Truman
- 33rd president
- Acknowledged Israel as a sovereign nation
- Issued the Truman Doctrine
- FDRs vice president
- 1945-1953
- Chose to use the atom bomb
87Brown v. Board of Education
- Separate but equal clause is not constitutional
- Integrated schools
- Led to the Civil Rights Act
- 1954
- Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
- Third major landmark Supreme Court Case dealing
with race - Under the Warren Court
88Martin Luther King, Jr.
- Civil rights leader
- Letter from Birmingham Jail
- Assassinated in Memphis 1968
- Preacher
- Non-violent
- I Have a Dream
- Very young African-American activist
89Letter From Birmingham Jail
- MLK, Jr.
- Garnered support for non-violent protests
- Now is the time!
- Asking for support from white southern Christian
leaders - Call to Action for people to be non-violent
90I Have a Dream Speech
- Washington, D.C.
- 250,000 people present
- MLK, Jr.
- Blacks and whites unite
- 1963
- Lincoln Memorial
91Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Segregation in all public facilities illegal
- Fed. Govt power to enforce school desegregation
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
92Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Ended literacy tests
- Provided federal registrars in areas blacks had
been kept from voting
93Warren Court
- Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-69)
- Impact compared to John Marshall
- Desegregation (Brown v. Board of Education)
- Protected defendants rights
- Miranda v. Arizona Gideon v. Wainwright Baker
v. Carr etc.
94Miranda v. Arizona
- Provided a defendant with the right to a lawyer
being present when questioned by police
95Assassination of President Kennedy
- Nov. 22, 1963
- Dallas, Texas
- Lee Harvey Oswald
- Warren Commission concluded Oswald was lone
assassin
96Great Society
- President Lyndon Johnson
- Goal Provide domestic programs that eliminated
poverty racial injustice - Food Stamp Act Medicare Medicaid Elementary
Secondary Education Act
97Medicare
- Party of Great Society
- Provided health insurance for 65 and older
98Tet Offensive
- January, 1968
- Surprise attacks by Vietcong of South Vietnams
provincial capitals and American bases - Destruction seen on TV in U.S. convinced many
Americans war would be difficult to win - Further split support for war
99Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
- April, 1968
- Memphis, Tennessee
- Killed by James Early Ray
- Led to riots all over the U.S.
100Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
- June, 1968
- Los Angeles, California
- Shot killed by Arab nationalist Sirhan Sirhan
who disliked Kennedys support of Israel
1011968 Democratic National Convention
- Chicago
- Antiwar protesters outside the convention led
to violence when police became involved - Televised as a police riot
- Dem. Party greatly divided at the time
102SCLC
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- Led by MLK Jr.
- Organized ministers churches to coordinate
peaceful protests in the struggle for civil rights
103SNCC
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
- Emerged from student organized protests Sit-in
in Greensboro, NC - Sit-ins Freedom rides
- Later, become more focused on black power
104Anti-Vietnam War Movement
105Womens Movement
- 1960s
- The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan
encouraged middle class women to seek
professional careers in addition to filling the
traditional roles - Campaign for Equal Rights Amendment
- Accomplished changes in attitudes hiring
practices - Moved into professions previously dominated by
males - ERA defeated by conservatives
106National Organization of Women
- NOW
- Adopted activist tactics similar to civil rights
movement - Pushed for Equal treatment of women, especially
for job opportunities
107United Farm Workers Movement
- Led by Cesar Chavez
- Organized strikes boycotts to improve
conditions for farm workers (many were Hispanic
Americans) - Increased compensation, collective bargaining
rights, etc.
108Environmental Movement
- 1st Earth Day 1970
- Growing concern over air water pollution,
destruction of natural environment. - Clean Air Act
- Environmental Protection agency created
- Endangered Species Act
- Began to regulate toxic substances, dumping of
waste, protect environment, etc.
109Silent Spring
- Rachel Carson
- Expose of pesticides
- Led to Clean air water laws
110Conservative Movement
111Barry Goldwater
- Republican Presidential candidate 1964 (Lost to
LBJ)
112Richard M. Nixon
113Roe v. Wade
- Struck down many state laws that prohibited
abortions violation of womens right to privacy
114Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
- Challenged admission policy of medical school
- Supreme Court ruled that race can be considered
in admission, but racial quotas were
unconstitutional
115Nixons visit to China
- Détente- period of improved relations between
USSR US easing of tensions - Nixon visit significant in improving relations
with Communist China
116Watergate Scandal
117Gerald Ford
118Jimmy Carter
119Camp David Accords
- President Carter organized a meeting at Camp
David in Maryland - Israeli Prime Minister Begin Egyptian President
Anwar Sadat - Negotiates framework of peace settlement between
two countries - Egypt becomes 1st Arab nation to recognize
Israel Israel withdraws from Sinai territory
120Iranian Revolution
- Ayatollah Khomeini Islamic fundamentalists
overthrow shah (whose policy of westernization
had angered many Iranians) - Ayatollah halted oil production causing
worldwide shortage
121Iranian Hostage Crisis
- Iranian militants seize U.S. embassy in Tehran
- Oppose Carter allowing former Shah into U.S. for
cancer treatment - Revolutionaries also want to break U.S.
interference in their region - Hold more than 50 members of staff hostage for
444 days
122Ronald Reagan
123Reaganomics
- Supply-side economics
- Tax cuts reduction in government spending leads
to increased spending by private sector more
jobs, production prosperity - Trickle-down economics wealthy prosper and
their increased spending benefits middle class
and poor
124Iran-Contra Scandal
- Reagan administration sells weapons to Iran to
help fight Iraq - Use money to fund the Contras in Nicaragua to
help try to overthrow the government - Televised the congressional investigation led
to a momentary popularity drop for Reagan
125Collapse of the Soviet Union
- Gorbachev
- Glasnost
- Perestroika
- Independence of satellite states Hungary,
Poland, Czech - Berlin Wall down
126Bill Clinton
127North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA
- Eliminated trade barriers between Canada, United
States Mexico
128Impeachment of Bill Clinton
- House of Reps vote to impeach on counts of
perjury obstruction of justice (lying about
personal life) - Senate trial does not uphold either charge
- Damaged Clintons reputation
129Electoral College
- 2000 presidential race of Bush Gore
- Came down to Floridas 25 electoral votes
- Democrats ask for recount b/c of punch card
errors - Bush v. Gore Supreme Court overrules Florida
courts demand for recount Equal Protection
clause - Bush is President
130George W. Bush
131Operation Enduring Freedom
- Response to attacks on Sept. 11, 2001
- Targets Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda in
Afghanistan - Gain power in Afghanistan, pushing Al-Qaeda into
mountains - Remains unstable b/c of Taliban insurgency
tribal conflicts
132Operation Iraqi Freedom
- Claim Iraq had not complied with many U.N.
resolutions specifically having WMDs - Launch air attacks March, 2003
- End Saddam Husseins dictatorship in less than 4
weeks - Criticism and division of support when no WMDs
found - Violence continues