Reaction and Nationalism

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Reaction and Nationalism

• Chapter 15

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The Unification of Italy

• In 1815, Italy is divided into a number of
  independent states
• Political, cultural, and economic differences
• Small but dedicated groups, inspired the success
  of the American Revolution, fight to unify Italy
  in the 1800s
• Inspired by Nationalism
• The desire for National independence

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Early Attempts at Unification

• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Effective speaker from Genoa
• Nation-State
• founded society called Young Italy
• Mazzini inspired nationalists led a republican
  revolution in Sicily
• Larger revolutions in France and Austria-Hungary
  sparks uprisings throughout Italy to force out
  Austrians
• Charles Albert of Sardinia leads attack

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Early Attempts at Unification

• Pope Pius IX withdraws his troops against another
  Catholic nation
• Naples follows suit
• Austria defeats Charles Albert and Italian rebels
  and retake control of Lombardy and Venetia
• The failed unification causes many Italians to
  lose faith in Mazzini and his revolutionary
  methods, Albert and Sardinia lead for unification

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Count Cavours Diplomacy

• Adviser to Victor Emmanuel II (Charles Alberts
  son)
• Intelligent but not impressive physically
• Goals were to create rapid industrial growth,
  reduce Catholic Church influence, advance
  national interest in foreign policy
• Provided aid to Britain and France during Crimean
  war in order to achieve foreign aid to expel
  Austria

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War with Austria

• Cavour encourages Lombardy rebels to revolt
  causing Austria to declare war on Sardinia in
  April 1859
• Napoleon III led a force of 120,000 troops to aid
  Sardinia
• France and Sardinia win key battles but France
  loses heavy troops and favor back home
• France withdrew from the war and sign a separate
  treaty with Austria, giving Lombardy to Sardinia
  but keeping Venetia
• The fight continues in which other provinces join
  Sardinia

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Garibaldi Seizes the South

• Southern Italy remained calm as revolution sweeps
  through the North
• Giuseppe Garibaldi organizes revolution after
  Ferdinand II, Sicily ruler, dies
• Garibaldi uses guerrilla warfare
• Garibaldis red shirts defeat army of the two
  Sicilies
• Garibaldi surrendered his conquest to Sardinia in
  October 1860

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Building a New Nation

• With exception of Rome and Venetia, Italy now
  united in a constitutional monarchy under Victor
  Emmanuel II
• 1866,Venetia becomes part of Italy after Prussian
  victory over Austria
• 1871, Rome becomes a part of Italy after France
  withdrew troops that were protecting the pope.
• Rome new capital of Unified Italy

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German Unification

• Germany was the last of the great European powers
  to achieve complete political unity
• In 1815, 39 independent states make up Germany
• The Reformation and the 30 years war contributed
  to Germanys social and political divisions

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Step toward Unity

• Congress of Vienna created the German
  Confederation in 1815 as a buffer for future
  French expansion
• Prussia, strongest of the German States, caused
  Austria and smaller German states to fear
  unification
• Prussia had a strong economy and a well organized
  government

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Step towards Unity

• 1834, Zollverein, or economic union takes place
  and breaks down German trade blocks
• 1848, Frankfurt Assembly meets to unite country
  under liberal constitution
• Internal feuding allows conservatives, Junker, to
  regain control in German states
• Prussian army forces closer of Frankfurt Assembly

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Rise of Bismarck

• Conservatives look to Prussia to help unite
  Germany
• William I looks to unify by creating a strong
  military
• Liberals wanted to win other German states
  through democratic ideals and policies
• King appoints conservative Prime Minister, Otto
  Von Bismarck

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Rise of Bismarck

• Embraced policy of realpolitik
• The right of the nation-state to pursue its own
  advancement through any means, including war and
  treaties
• 1862, Bismarck defied the Prussian assembly by
  collecting needed taxes to raise an army without
  Assembly approval

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Three Wars

• Bismarck went to war three times in order to
  reduce Austrian influence, and to unify Germany
  under the Prussian model of rule
• War against Denmark
• Disputed provinces of Schleswig and Holstein
• Prussia declares war on Denmark to prevent Danish
  annexation of Schleswig
• 1864, Prussia, with Austrias help, pushes
  Denmark out of Provinces

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Three Wars

• Seven Weeks War
• Tension from War with Denmarks settlement left
  the window open for Bismarck to declare war on
  Austria
• Prussia strips Austria of allies during previous
  war
• Prussia defeats Austria in 7 weeks
• Treaty wasnt harsh on Austria due to the need to
  keep them as a German Ally
• German Confederation dissolved in order to rid
  Austrian influence, North German Confederation
  formed in 1867

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Three Wars

• Franco-Prussian War
• Southern Catholic German states remained outside
  the new German Confederation
• Protestant Germany feared Prussian influence
  (Bavaria and Wurttenberg)
• Bismarck new that hed have to fight with France
  before Unifying Germany
• France feared a German-Spanish alliance once
  Prince Leopold was offered Spanish Crown
• Leopold was cousins with William I

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Three Wars

• Franco-Prussian War
• Bismarck wins public approval when France
  declares war on Prussia
• Southern Germany allies with Northern German
  confederation out of fear of France
• North and South Germany unify under Prussia

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Formation of German Empire

• January 18th, 1871 William I takes title of
  Kaiser, or emperor of Germany
• Otto Von Bismarck becomes Chancellor, or chief
  minister
• 25 states form 1 federal union

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Bismarck and William I
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Bismarcks Realm

• Bismarck and the Church