Theories%20of%20Development

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Theories of Development
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Lane, Ch. 3 Political Development

• Events Theory Political events foster the
  development of new theoretical approaches.
• After WWII, a new world seemed to emerge,
  says Lane How was that world new?

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Idea of Stages

• Developmentalist Utopia linear, progressive,
  cumulative, homogeneous, non-conflictive
  DEVELOPMENT.
• After WWII (1950s) American Optimism on the
  progressive development and Americanization of
  new nations (Japan? Germany? Italy?).

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Theories of Political Development

• Common Assumption existence of progressive
  forces everywhere...and democracy and a modern
  market orientation would sweep everyone easily
  forward into a glorious future.

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Stages

• Ex Daniel Lerners The Passing of Traditional
  Society (1958) on a Turkish village

Traditional
Modern
Linear Progress
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Cold War influences

• Poor Countries such as the Cuba were likely to
  generate (socialist) revolutions.
• Therefore, it was in the strategic interest of
  the capitalist West to help new and poor nations
  to overcome poverty and underdevelopment.
• Boom of PLANNING. Ex Kennedys Alliance for
  Progress ( the Marshall Plan?). Assumption
  technical planning allows us to jump forward.

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Rostow, W.W. The Stages of Economic Growth
A. Economics determines politics

• Problem Explaining economic growth
• Describes the sweep of modern economic history,
  based on a theory of supply, demand, and patterns
  of production.
• (fixed and universal) Stages.
• Traditional Society
• Preconditions for Take-off
• Take-off
• Drive to Maturity
• Age of High Mass Consumption.
• ... Beyond

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Income Population Tastes
State of Technology Quality of entrepeneurship
Demand
Supply

Trend to Deceleration
Set of Sectoral Paths
Sequence of Optimun Patterns of Investment
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Historical Patterns of Development

• (Theoretical Optimuns are) Distorted by
  Imperfections
• Private Investments
• State Policies
• War

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Societies grow in stages because the (initial
acceleration of growth in the) leading sectors of
the economy produce jumps in development
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Importance of Patterns of Choice
The kind and pace of Growth are also determined
bySocieties strategic choices. Growth is not
act of maximization, but it consists of
balancing alternative and often conflicting
goals.
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Stages.

• 1. Traditional Society it lacks the tools and
  the outlook towards the physical world of the
  post-Newtonian era, thus could not master their
  environment (food production absorbed most of the
  efforts). Limited social values and hierarchical
  social structures. Landowners.
• Examples?

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2. Preconditions for Take-Off

• Post-Medieval world in Western Europe
• Modern Science
• Discovery of new lands
• Development of new technologies
• Internal pacification
• Modern State
• Widening of markets
• Increase in trade and specialization
• Communications
• Agrarian revolution
• British take-off (from 1783 on)

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3.The Take-Off

• Achievement of rapid growth in a limited group of
  sectors through the application of industrial
  technologies.
• Self-sustained industrial and technological
  development
• Sustained rate of investment (10 or more per
  year)
• Social and political modernization.

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4.The Drive to Maturity

• This stage is reached when a society has
  effectively applied the range of (then) modern
  technology to the bulk of its resources(8)
• The most modern technologies extend throughout
  the entire economy.
• Changes in the work force (from agriculture to
  industry and services)
• Massive urbanization.

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5.The Age of Mass Consumption

• Three alternatives
• Offer of increasing security, welfare, and
  leisure to the working force
• Enlarged private consumption (US after the 20s)
• Enlarged power for the nation on the world scene.

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6.Beyond Consumption

• Concern with quality of life issues. Rostow
  describes a boom in birth rates in the US during
  and right after WWII (he thinks this as a steady
  trend, but it was not)
• Danger nuclear destruction

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(Implied) Challenge

• Societies should overcome those OBSTACLES to
  take-off that result from the persistence of
  traditional structures.
• Role of planning.
• Question if we do not achieve growth, is it as a
  result of our wrong choices?

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B. Economics Politics interact within the
systemStructural-Functionalist approaches to
development (Easton/Almond/Coleman)

• Assumption every social system has similar basic
  needs.
• In different societies, institutions perform the
  same functions and are comparable? Universal
  Functions.

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Structural Functionalism and the problem of
Development

• Coleman defined political development as the
  interaction between
• Differentiation
• Imperatives of equality
• Adaptive capacity of the political system

• Crises of Development
• (if the function was satisfied, there was
  progress if not, regress or stop).
• SEQUENCES

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Political Modernization America Vs. Europe.
C. Politics (civil polity) Determines Development

• Samuel Huntington.

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Modernity begins when men -Develop a sense of
their own competence -Begin to think that they
can understand nature and society and -They can
control and change nature and society for their
own purposes (Huntington, 383)
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Modernization is the rejection of external
restraints on men, the Promethean liberation of
man from control by gods, fate, and destiny.
(383)
(But... Modernization also requires Social Order
and Stability).
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Traditional Vs. Modern

• What is ever will be The environment is seen as
  given.
• Attempts of change are condemned.
• Man discovers but does not make LAW.
• Fundamental Law.

• Individuals can transform the world.
• Authority must reside in men, not in law.
• (State) Sovereignty

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Political modernization consists of three
processes

1. Rationalization of Authority Replacement of
   traditional, religious, familial, and ethnic
   political authorities by a single, secular,
   national SOVEREIGN political authority.
2. Differentiation of political functions and the
   development of specialized structures to perform
   those functions (the military, scientists,
   bureaucracy, professionalization).
3. Increased participation in politics, since new
   social groups gain citizenship, and new political
   institutions organize participation.

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Political Modernization results...

• In a Civil Polity, without which there is no
  economic growth.

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Patterns of Political Modernization

• Continental Europe (France) Both the
  rationalization of authority and the
  differentiation of structures were developed
  during the 17th century
• Development of the modern, centralized, and
  bureaucratic state (Absolutism)
• Subordination of the Church
• Britain. Similar process, but...the Parliament
  became the site of centralization of power and
  began to embody Sovereignty.
• The United States. No political modernization.
  The English sixteenth-century institutions were
  given new life in America

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The U.S.

• the political system did not undergo any
  revolutionary changes at all.
• The American political system was organized from
  the principal elements of the English
  sixteenth-century constitution, which were
  given new life in America, precisely when they
  were discarded in Britain.
• Political modernization was attenuated and
  incomplete... (382)

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In Europe the opposition to modernization within
society forced the modernization of the political
system. In America, the ease of modernization
within society precluded the modernization of the
political system.
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The United States combines the worlds most
modern society with one of the worlds most
antique polities. (406)
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The U.S. have...

• given the world its most modern and efficient
  economic organizations,
• pioneered social benefits for the masses mass
  production, mass education, mass culture.
• Politically, however, the only significant
  institutional innovation has been federalism...
  Possible only by the traditional hostility to the
  centralization of authority. (407)

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The American case suggests that...

• Modernity is not all of a piece.

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Lane (Bitter) Discovery.

• Developmentalist assumptions were false. There
  was no evidence of linear progress anywhere.
• Societies might go backwards, or go nowhere,
  rather than progressing (51).
• Practical Problem (theoretical framework?)

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Moore Social Origins of Dictatorship and
Democracy (1966)

• Strong use of theory and history
• Class analysis the key is how peasants and
  landed elites reacted to the development of
  commerce.
• Goal to explain the varied political roles
  played by the landed upper classes and the
  peasantry in the transformation from agrarian
  societies... To modern industrial ones and
  their role in the emergence of Western
  parliamentary versions of democracy, and
  dictatorships of the right and the left, that is,
  fascist and communist regimes. (xvii)

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Three main routes

1. Bourgeois Revolutions (both the peasants and the
   landed elites are displaced by the bourgeoisie,
   or transform themselves into bourgeois)Capitalism
   Democracy.
2. Revolution from Above (weak bourgeoisie allied to
   the landed elites). Capitalism Fascism.
3. Communism (predominance of the peasants)

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No Bourgeois, no democracy.we may simply
register strong agreement with the Marxist thesis
that a vigorous and independent class of town
dwellers has been an indispensable element in the
growth of parliamentary democracy. (418)
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Moore attempted to formalize in a simple model
all forms of transition to modernity