Research Misconduct

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??? ????? ?? ????? Research Misconduct

• Payam Kabiri, MD. PhD.
• Clinical Epidemiologist
• Department of Epidemiology Biostatistics
• School of Public Health
• Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

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Definition of Research Misconduct
Research misconduct is defined as fabrication,
falsification, or plagiarism in proposing,
performing, or reviewing research, or in
reporting research results.
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Research misconduct
serious

• Fabrication of data or cases
• wilful distortion of data
• plagiarism
• no ethics approval
• not admitting missing data
• ignoring outliers
• no data on side effects
• Gift Ghost authorship
• redundant publication
• failure to do adequate literature search

minor
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Fraud (????)

• ?? ????? ?????? Fraud ????? ?????? ???? ??
  ?????? ???? ?? Fabrification ??? ?? ??? ???? ??
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  ???? ????? ??????????.
• ???? ??????? Fraud ? Falsification ?? ?? ??????
  ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??
  ??? ???? ? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???
  ??????? ??????? ?? Falsification ???????? ? ??
  ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??
  ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????
  ???????.
• ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????
  clinical trial ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????
  Falsification ????? ?????? ???.

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??????? ???? (Data Fabrication)
Fabrication is making up data or results and
recording or reporting them.
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Falsification (??????? ???????)
Falsification is manipulating research
materials, equipment, or processes, or changing
or omitting data or results such that the
research is not accurately represented in the
research record.
Includes research proposals, laboratory records
(both physical and electronic), progress reports,
abstracts, theses, oral presentations, internal
reports, and journal articles.
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????? ??????? (Data Falsification)

• ??????? ?????
• ??? ????? ?? missing data
• ?????? ????? outlier??
• ??? ????? ????? ????????

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Scientific Misconduct A Cautionary Tale

• Falsifying data is the ultimate sin in research.
• If discovered, it will kill your career in
  science or .

Eric Poehlman PhD Professor, U. Vermont 1st
American researcher jailed for fraud (2006)
Character is higher than intellect-Emerson
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Plagiarism
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What is Plagiarism?
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What is Plagiarism?

• The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as
  follows (Oxford English Dictionary
  http//dictionary.oed.com)
• The action or practice of taking someone else's
  work, idea, etc., and passing it off as one's
  own literary theft.
• Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words,
  ideas, images, sounds, or the creative expression
  of others as your own

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???? ????? ?????? ???? (Plagiarism)

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  ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
• ???? ????? ???? ??? ????
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  ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???

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Plagiarism

• Stealing a persons words is similar to stealing
  somebodys car and impressing your friends by
  pretending its yours.
• Its theft, but more seriously, its
  misrepresentation.

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What is Plagiarism? (Continued)

• Plagiarism constitutes an act of fraud,
  deception, and academic dishonesty. There are
  several ways to plagiarize
• Using another's paper as your own.
• Rewriting another's paper and submitting it as
  your own.
• Hiring or using someone to write your paper or
  purchasing a paper and then submitting it as your
  own.
• Using someone else's ideas and submitting them as
  your own (w/out documentation).

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What is Plagiarism? (Continued)

• Using someone else's words exactly and submitting
  them as your own
• Paraphrasing and/or summarizing another's ideas
  or words and submitting them as your own
• Using a paper purchased from a friend and/or
  service and submitting it as your own.
• Using a paper bought, and/or downloaded from the
  internet and submitting it as your own.
• Copying information from electronic sources (web
  information, web pages, any electronic
  source/database) and using it as your own.

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Two types of plagiarism

• Intentional
• Copying a friends work
• Buying or borrowing papers
• Cutting and pasting blocks of text without
  documenting
• Media borrowing without documentation
• Web publishing without permissions of creators

• Unintentional
• Careless paraphrasing
• Poor documentation
• Quoting excessively
• Failure to use your own voice

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Why do we plagiarize?

• We do not have enough time
• It doesnt seem like a big deal
• Other people write better than us
• Were not sure what plagiarism is all about,
  so we take a chance
• We believe most profs dont have the time to
  check on us
• We think most profs dont have the Internet
  skills to figure out what we did.

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How to avoid Plagiarism?

• Quoting
• Re-wording, Re-phrasing Paraphrasing
  (Interpret)
• Summarizing

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Direct Quotes

• If you use someone elses writing without putting
  it in quotes, you have blatantly plagiarized.
• Even if you add the source in your bibliography,
  it is still plagiarism !

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Paraphrasing

• Be careful about rewriting someone elses words.
  If your sentences use many of the same words and
  grammatical structure as the original source, it
  could be construed as plagiarism.
• Just put the text in your own words.

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When Paraphrasing

• Be sure you are not just rearranging or replacing
  words.
• Rewrite the phrase in your own words and credit
  the original source.
• Double check what you have wrote by comparing it
  with the original writing.

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Paraphrasing

• Avoid the paraphrasing, INTERPRE!!
• The difference between paraphrasing and
  interpreting?
• In paraphrasing, you are rewriting the original
  phrase by phrase, sentence by sentence.
• When you interpret, you read the text, step back
  and ask, What is this person saying? With
  interpretation, you are not depending on what the
  author said phrase by phrase, but what the author
  meant overall.

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Heres a simple example

• Your friend says to you, "I havent eaten for a
  long time, so why dont we stop at restaurant?"
  Someone nearby says, "What does he want?"
• Paraphrase He hasnt had a meal for awhile and
  wants to go to restaurant. (Changes words but
  not basic structure. No attempt to interpret)
• Interpretation Hes hungry and wants to get a
  burger." (Gets at underlying meaning)

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Paraphrasing and Summarizing

• Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from
  source material into your own words. Paraphrased
  material is usually shorter than the original
  passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the
  source and condensing it slightly.
• Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s)
  into your own words, including only the main
  point(s). Summaries are significantly shorter
  than the original and take a broad overview of
  the source material.

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Shall we cite anything?

• You don't have to cite Common Knowledge.
• Common knowledge knowledge that you find in
  several sources that are not themselves depending
  on a single earlier source. Facts that
• are widely known

Hooray for common knowledge!
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Examples of common knowledge

• Diabetes is related to insulin function.
• Cholesterol is a risk facto for MI.
• If you see a fact in three or more sources, and
  you are fairly certain your readers already know
  this information, it is likely to be common
  knowledge.
• But when in doubt, cite!

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No need to document when

• You are discussing your own experiences,
  observations, or reactions
• Compiling the results of original research, from
  science experiments, etc.
• You are using common knowledge

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Lets Practice Are the Following Plagiarism or
Not?

• Original source The effort required to provide
  online information literacy instruction is
  intense.
• Your paper The effort required to provide
  online information literacy instruction is
  intense. (Smith 2006, p.42)

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Answer ?

• Not Plagiarism
• Youve used quotation marks and cited the source
  so that no one believes that these are your own
  words

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Lets Practice Are the Following Plagiarism or
Not?

• Original source The effort required to provide
  online information literacy instruction is
  intense.
• Your paper Smith (2006, p.42) argues that
  providing online courses in information literacy
  is hard work.

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Answer ?

• Not Plagiarism
• Youve interpreted without quoting, have cited
  your source, and have not used a great deal of
  the original terminology

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Lets Practice Are the Following Plagiarism or
Not?

• Original source The effort required to provide
  online information literacy instruction is
  intense.
• Your paper The work needed to provide online
  information literacy teaching is intense.

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Answer ?

• Plagiarism
• Your version is a paraphrase of the original with
  a lot of the original terminology still there as
  well as the same sentence structure.

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Is cut-and-paste a good solution for writing
problems?
Wikimedia Commons

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Dont copy and paste from other articles. The
English may not be very good. Many articles in
an unreadable writing style are published even in
top journals.
Vasconcelos SMR. Writing up research in English
Choice or necessity? Rev Col Bras Cir 2007 341-2

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Preventing Plagiarism

• Make sure students understand what plagiarism is
  and how you expect them to document
• Make sure students know how seriously you
  personally take plagiarism as a violation of your
  trust and school and class rules of conduct.
• Make sure you are aware of how students
  plagiarize
• Make sure students know that you check for
  plagiarism

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Prevention

• Ask for outlines and drafts and organizers
• Ask the student under suspicion to read one or
  two difficult paragraphs and explain
• Have students present and defend their research
  orally
• Ask for photocopies of best sources
• (Lathrop and Foss 163-166)

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Prevention

• Require specific components
• Require drafts prior to due dates
• Require oral defense or presentation
• Include annotated bibliography
• Require up-to-date references
• Require a meta-learning essay in class after
  papers have been submitted
• (Lathrop and Foss 194-195)

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When you suspect plagiarism

• Pick an unusual string of words and search on
  Google, All the Web, AltaVista
• Ask the student why certain phrases or words were
  used, or to identify location of a specific fact.
  
• Check to see if all citations are listed in Works
  Cited
• Check for inconsistencies in font, bibliographic
  format, text size, layout, and question them
• Does the paper not exactly match the assignment?
• Talk to other teachers about the students work
• (Lathrop and Foss 163166, 194-195)

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Guidelines on how to improve citation accuracy
and avoid plagiarism Roig M. Guidelines for
Avoiding Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism, and
Questionable Writing Practices http//ori.dhhs.gov
/education/guidelines_to_avoid_plagiarism.shtml R
oig, M. Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and
other questionable writing practices A guide to
ethical writing. St Johns University.
03/12/2009. http//ori.hhs.gov/education/products/
roig_st_johns/

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Plagiarism Detection Softwares

• There are lots of Plagiarism Detection Softwares
  which you can find on the web.
• Here are some of them http//invention.swmed.edu/
  etblast/etblast.shtml
• http//www.turnitin.com/
• http//www.millikin.edu/wcenter/plagiarism3.html

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A tale of two citations !

• Errami M. Garner H. A tale of two citations
  Nature, Volume 451, Issue 7177, 24 January 2008,
  Pages 397-399

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Secondary and duplicate publication
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Secondary and duplicate publication

• Redundet Publication or Duplicate Publication
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  ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? Data ? Material
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  ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???.
• Duplicate Submission ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??
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• ????????? ??? ???? (Full text) ???????? ??
  Abstract ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???????
  ?????? ?????.
• ??? ??? ????abstract ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????
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• ????? ?? ???? Abstract? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??
  ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ? ??? ???? Abstract
  ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ?????.

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Acceptable Secondary Publication

• Basic rules
• Approval from editors of both journals
• Priority of primary publication is respected
• Paper for secondary publication is intended for
  a different audience
• Secondary version faithfully reflects data and
  interpretations of primary version
• Footnote on title page of secondary version
  states primary reference
• "This article is based on a study first reported
  in the J. "

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Competing Manuscripts

• Manuscripts based on same study
• Disagreement on analysis or interpretation Two
  options
• Two papers on same study
• Single paper with commentary(ies)
• Disagreement on method or results
• Publication refused until differences resolved
• Manuscripts based on same data sets
• Publication may be justified if different
  analytic approaches used

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Sibling Manuscripts

• Related papers submitted to different journals
  with no cross citation.
• Fragments science unhelpful to readers
• Journals instruct authors to provide relevant
  papers including, in press and under review.
• Greater likelihood paper will be accepted
• Good publication practice is to provide
• Full disclosure, full citation, full discussion
  of author's related work
• Szklo Wlcox (2003) Am. J. Epidemiology 157281

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Based on ICMJE UR

• International Committee of Medical Journal
  Editors. Uniform requirements for manuscripts
  submitted to biomedical journals. Writing and
  editing for biomedical publication. Updated
  October 2008.
• http//www.icmje.org/

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III.D.3. Acceptable Secondary Publication

• 1. The authors have received approval from the
  editors of both journals.
• 2. The priority of the primary publication is
  respected by a publication interval of at least 1
  week.
• 3. The paper for secondary publication is
  intended for a different group of readers.

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III.D.3. Acceptable Secondary Publication

• 4. The secondary version faithfully reflects the
  data and interpretations of the primary version.
• 5. The footnote on the title page of the
  secondary version informs readers that the paper
  has been published in whole or in part and states
  the primary reference.

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III.D.3. Acceptable Secondary Publication

• 6. The title of the secondary publication should
  indicate that it is a secondary publication
  (complete republication, abridged republication,
  complete translation, or abridged translation) of
  a primary publication.
• Just note, the NLM does not consider translations
  to be republications.

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Based on WAME

• World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)
  guidelines
• Republication of a paper in another language, or
  simultaneously in multiple journals with
  different audiences, may be acceptable, provided
  that there is full and prominent disclosure of
  its original source at the time of submission of
  the manuscript.

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What should we do

• At the time of submission, authors should
  disclose details of related papers they have
  authored, even if in a different language,
  similar papers in press, and any closely related
  papers previously published or currently under
  review at another journal.

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déjà vu Website

• déjà vu is a Database of Highly Similar and
  Duplicate Citations in Medline. You can use it
  freely to check duplicate papers on Medline.
  http//spore.swmed.edu/dejavu/

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Publication in another language
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Secondary and duplicate publication

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Redundant publication (1)

• Duplicate submission simultaneous submission of
  manuscripts to gt1 journal
• Competing submission subset of above-submit to
  gt1 journal with intention to withdraw write same
  paper with opposing conclusions submit to
  different journals

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Redundant publication (2)

• 3. Duplicate publication paper overlaps
  substantially with one already published
• 4. Sibling/"salami" publications related papers
  submitted to different journals with no cross
  citation "dividing" results to increase
  publication counts.

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Publication Ethics Codes Protocols

• You can find more guidelines protocols of
  publication ethics in COPE (Committee of
  Publication Ethics) Website.
• http//www.publicationethics.org.uk/

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????? ! Email ??? ??? ??????

• payam.kabiri_at_gmail.com