159.235 Graphics

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159.235 Graphics Graphical Programming -
Review Lecture
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Lecture 0/1 - The Outline Overview

• We have not exactly stuck rigidly to this!
• Java vs other Graphical Systems
• Aim at covering graphics algorithms

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Lecture 2 - Fundamentals

• Computer Graphics Systems
• Vector and Raster Graphics
• Pixels
• Coordinates
• Colours

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Lecture 3 - Drawing Primitives

• Primitives - lines, rectangles and filling
• Transforms - affine transforms
• Scale, translate, shear etc
• Built into the Graphics2D

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Lectures 4,5,6,7,8,9 - Java

• A Rapid Introduction to Java Programming
• Java Development Kit 1.4 onwards

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Lecture 10 - Data Models

• Data to Render
• Simulations
• How do we get our program data in a form
  suitable to render?
• Cellular automaton example
• Now you have seen how to do this with triangles
  etc.

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Lecture 11

• Rasters and pixels
• How does scanline work?

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Lecture 12

• Aliasing
• And anti aliasing
• Vector graphics vs pixels
• Scalable graphics

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Lecture 13 - Images Intro

• Java Image BufferedImage
• Image file formats
• Internal representations
• Off screen rendering to an image
• Double (image) buffering

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Lecture 14

• Lines and circles
• Effects of different drawing algorithms
• Line
• Circle
• Parameterised equations for line etc

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Lecture 15 - GUI

• Graphical User Interfaces
• Start of the story about Widgets
• Of mice and men
• Menus
• Listeners

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Lecture 16 - More GUI

• Panels and other containers
• Layout managers
• Composing more complex layouts
• Checkboxes and more listeners
• The event model

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Lecture 17 - Printing I/O

• Print method and interface
• File I/O in Java
• Keyboard I/O raw (immediate) and cooked
  (buffered by newlines)

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Lecture 18 - Threads

• A brief look at elemental concurrency
• Separate threads in the JVM for the AWT
• Threads of your own

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Lecture 19 - Intro to 3D

• 2D Viewing
• Parametric Equations
• 3D Models
• Projective Geometry
• 3d Graphics Rendering and Voxels
• Movies, games, and Virtual Reality
• Polygons and scenegraphs

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Lecture 20 - Polygons

• Polygons and Triangles
• Quadrilaterals and others
• Convexity
• Wireframes
• Vertices and edges

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Lecture 21 - Transforms

• Scaling
• Translation
• Rotation
• Homogeneous coordinates - 4d matrix vector
  maths trick to make all the above work as
  matrix multiplications (no matrix additions)
• So we can compose transforms easily

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Lecture 22 - More Transforms

• Rotation about an arbitrary axis in 3D
• Using our Homogeneous coordinate apparatus
  make this from the simpler transforms

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Lecture 23 - 3D Viewing

• Viewing
• Clipping
• Cohen and Sutherland and the outcodes
• Deciding what part of the polygon is where
  and if we should see it or not

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Lecture 24 - Projections

• The 3D rendering pipeline
• Viewing angles
• What do we (should we) See?
• The dreaded Normals!
• (a utility vector that is perpendicular to a
  surface)
• Use the dot product!

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Lecture 25 - More Projections

• Using the normals and other viewing angle info
  to distort (project) 3d onto a flat screen
• Different spaces - world and object models
• Projection space - pixels on the screen

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Lecture 26 - Visible Surfaces

• More games to play with Normals
• Back face culling
• Visible surface determination
• Depth sorting ordering

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Lecture 27 - Curves and Surfaces

• Curves for interpolation
• Hermite (control points include gradients)
• Bezier - use spatial control points that
  determine the start and end gradients of a
  line

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Lecture 28 - More Curves

• Bezier Curves
• How to make surfaces from curves
• Splines and Interpolation

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Lecture 29 - Colour and Light

• Basics of colour and light
• Approximations of the real physics

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Lecture 30 - Phong Model

• Phong equation for Lighting
• Remember the different parts
• Ambient ( a hack)
• Diffuse (an approximation)
• Specular (another approximation)
• Hybrid ( a mix)

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Lectures 31, 32, 33

• Lighting and Illumination
• Various levels of approximations to the
  lighting physics
• Greater (but slower) realism

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Lecture 34

• Graphics file formats
• and Markup languages

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Textbook Review

• The two main suggested books are
• Computer Graphics Principles and Practice, James
  Foley, Andries van Dam, Steven Feiner and John
  Hughes, Addison-Wesley, Second Edition (in C with
  SRGP and SPHIGS) 1997, ISBN 0-201-84840-6.
• Computer Graphics with OpenGL Donald Hearn and M.
  Pauline Baker, Third Edition, Prentice Hall 2004,
  ISBN 0-13-015390-7.
• Possibly also useful
• Java 2D Graphics by Johnathan Knudsen, Published
  by O'Reilly, ISBN 1-56592-484-3
• And
• The Essence of Computer Graphics by Peter Cooley,
  Published by Pearson, ISBN 0130-16283--3

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159.235 Exam

• 12th November (Afternoon)
• Grading - 60 exam 40 Assignments
• Assignment 1 - (20)
• Assignment 2 - (20)

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Exam Coverage

• Questions mostly about concepts - calculators
  not needed.
• Maybe ask you to compare and contrast two
  methods
• Define terms, sketch output of a paint() code
• Write or critique a (small) code fragment

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Exam Preparation

• Generally organise your notes, handouts and
  assignments. Read though all your material -
  what did you find difficult?
• Test yourself on the material - review the
  example codes and try to understand them and
  write short codes of your own to test your
  ideas.
• Try to finish your studying the day before the
  exam

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At the Exam

• Do not panic.
• Read the exam questions well before you try to
  answer each part. Note the marks for each
  part.
• Make sure you answer as much as you can but
  make sure you do get credit for the material you
  know well.
• There will be six questions and you should
  answer them all.

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Where Next?

• See Web Pages for some links and pointers on
  what to look at if you plan to work more in
  Graphics.
• Next - More ideas on Python graphics and also
  Blender
• And see 159.709 for OpenGL