Lysbilde 1

1
EU fra økonomisk til bærekraftig
vekst? William M. Lafferty Programme for
Research and Documentation for a Sustainable
Soceity (ProSus) Centre for Development and the
Environment (SUM), University of Oslo and Centre
for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy
(CSTM) University of Twente
2
Governance for Sustainable Development The
Challenge of Adapting Form to Function
Program for Research and Documentation for a
Sustainable Society
Et strategisk universitetsprogram ved Senter
for utvikling og miljø (SUM), Universitetet i
Oslo
Finansiert av Norges forskningsråd, Divisjon for
store satsinger
3
Final report from the ProSus project SusGov

• Contents
• Introduction form and function in governance for
  sustainable developmentWilliam M. Lafferty
• Implementation theory and the challenge of
  sustainable development the transformative role
  of learningLaurence J. OToole, Jr, University
  of Georgia
• Adapting form to function? from economic to
  sustainable development governance in the
  European UnionElizabeth Bomberg, Edinburgh
  University
• Management by objectives and results a
  comparison of Dutch, Swedish and EU strategies
  for realising sustainable developmentLennart J.
  Lundqvist, Universitetet i Gøteborg
• Sustainability is cool rhetorical
  participatory discourse in the Spanish strategy
  for sustainable developmentSusana Aquilar
  Fernández,Universidad Complutense de Madrid

4
Final report from the ProSus project SusGov

• Participation and sustainable development modes
  of citizen, community and organisational
  involvementJames Meadowcroft, Carleton
  University, Canada
• From environmental protection to sustainable
  development the challenge of decoupling through
  sectoral integrationWilliam M. Lafferty
• Partners for progress? the role of business in
  transcending business as usualAudun Ruud
• Governance by diffusion implementing global
  norms through cross-national imitation and
  learning Helge Jörgens, German Council of
  Environmental Advisors and Free University of
  Berlin
• Implementing sustainable development how to know
  what works, where, when and howHans T.A.
  Bressers, University of Twente
• Governance for sustainable development lessons
  and implicationsWilliam M. Lafferty

5
Key themes discussed at the launchUniversity of
Oslo, 5 November 2004

• Hvordan blir internasjonale avtaler tolket og
  implementert som nasjonale forpliktelser?
• Hva er status for den norske oppfølgingen av
  Nasjonal Agenda 21?
• Hvor står fyrtårnet for bærekraftig utvikling
  i dag? I Oslo eller Brussel?
• Hvordan forvalter næringslivet sitt ansvar for
  bærekraftig utvikling?
• Hvordan kan ansvaret for forskning for
  bærekraftig utvikling best fordeles mellom
  grunnforskning og anvendt forskning?

6
The core concept Sustainable Development not
Sustainability Sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. It
contains within it two key concepts - the
concept of needs, in particular the essential
needs of the worlds poor, to which overriding
priority should be given and THE CHALLENGE
FOR ACADEMIC AND APPLIED SCIENCE ELIMINATING
POVERTY WITHIN THE LIMITS OF NATURE - the
idea of limitations imposed by the state of
technology and social organization on the
environments ability to meet present and future
needs. THE CHALLENGE FOR SOCIO-TECHNICAL
INNOVATION ACHIEVING THE TRANSITION TO
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
STRATEGIC RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
7

• The political mandate for sustainable development

• UN Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, Climate
  Convention, Biodiversity Convention, Declaration
  on Implementation of Agenda 21 from Rio 5 (New
  York, 1997), Millennium Goals from WSSD
  (Johannesburg, 2002), the Global Compact, etc,
  etc
• EU Treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice the
  5th EAP Towards Sustainability the
  Gothenburg Strategy for Sustainable
  Development the Cardiff Process numerous
  directives and lesser agreements.
• Nordic Council Strategy for A Sustainable
  Nordic Region, with indicators and targets for
  SD.
• Norway Numerous parliamentary decisions,
  governmental White Papers, National Strategy for
  Sustainable Development and the National Agenda
  21 Action Plan for Sustainable Development

? An integrated multi-level strategic programme
for promoting SD
8

• Sustainable development vs Competitive
  economic development in the EU Lisbon vs
  Gothenburg

• The EU is historically and to a large degree
  constitutionally a free-market-for-economic-gro
  wth project
• But environmental concerns and sustainable
  development have gradually and increasingly been
  integrated into its legal and governing structure
• Both sustainable development and environmental
  policy integration (EPI) are legally prescribed
  by the Treaty on European Union
• The Lisbon Council, mars 2000 agreed a new
  strategic goal for the Union in order to
  strengthen employment, economic reform and social
  cohesion as part of a knowledge-based economy
• The Gothenburg Council, juni 2001 agreed a
  strategy for sustainable development and added an
  environmental dimension to the Lisbon process for
  employment, economic reform and social cohesion

9

• Two EU Councils two overarching strategies
  two lines of potentially conflicting development

• The Lisbon Strategy Originally without serious
  consideration of environmental concerns
• Final document contains no substantial mentions
  of environmental issues
• And only a single mention of sustainable
  development The European Council makes a
  special appeal to companies' corporate sense of
  social responsibility regarding best practices on
  lifelong learning, work organisation, equal
  opportunities, social inclusion and sustainable
  development. (Art. 39)
• The strategy is otherwise directed towards to
  major challenges

10

• The Lisbon Strategy Two major challenges

The European Union is confronted with a quantum
shift resulting from globalisation and the
challenges of a new knowledge-driven economy.
These changes are affecting every aspect of
peoples lives and require a radical
transformation of the European economy. The Union
must shape these changes in a manner consistent
with its values and concepts of society and also
with a view to the forthcoming enlargement. The
rapid and accelerating pace of change means it
is urgent for the Union to act now to harness the
full benefits of the opportunities presented.
Hence the need for the Union to set a clear
strategic goal and agree a challenging programme
for building knowledge infrastructures, enhancing
innovation and economic reform, and modernising
social welfare and education systems.
11
The Gothenburg Strategy A Sustainable Europe
for a Better World
Sustainable development to meet the needs of
the present generation without compromising those
of future generations is a fundamental
objective under the Treaties. That requires
dealing with economic, social and environmental
policies in a mutually reinforcing way. Failure
to reverse trends that threaten future quality of
life will steeply increase the costs to society
or make those trends irreversible. The European
Council welcomes the submission of the
Commission's communication on sustainable
development which includes important proposals
for curbing such trends. (Art. 19, Presidencys
Conclusions, Gothenburg European Council) Clear
and stable objectives for sustainable development
will present significant economic opportunities.
This has the potential to unleash a new wave of
technological innovation and investment,
generating growth and employment. The European
Council invites industry to take part in the
development and wider use of new environmentally
friendly technologies in sectors such as energy
and transport. In this context the European
Council stresses the importance of decoupling
economic growth from resource use. (Art. 21,
ibid)
12

• The Gothenburg Strategy
• Emphasis on two key processes

• Focus priority areas for reducing
  non-sustainability
• To make the concept operational and a catalyst
  for change, it is necessary to focus on the
  biggest challenges to sustainability in the Union
  and accession countries.
• Climate change
• Potential threats to public health
• Increasing pressure on vital natural resources
• Poverty and social exclusion
• An ageing population
• Congestion and pollution from current patterns of
  mobility

13

• The Gothenburg Strategy (cont.)

II. Apply a new approach to policy making To
achieve sustainable development requires changes
in the way policy is made and implemented, both
at EU level and in Member States. This in turn
requires clear commitment at the highest
level. Increase policy coherence
Sustainable development must be placed at the
core of the mandate of all policy makers.
(Environmental protection requirements must be
integrated into the definition and implementation
of the Community policies and activities referred
to in Article 3 listing the full range of
Community activities in particular with a view
to promoting sustainable development. - Article
6 of the Treaty of the EU) Increase
transparency and public participation While
public authorities have a key role in providing a
clear long-term framework, it is ultimately
individual citizens and businesses who will
deliver the changes in consumption and investment
patterns needed to achieve sustainable
development. Promote eco-friendly prices
Market prices have a powerful influence on the
behaviour of individuals and businesses. Market
reforms to get prices right can create new
business opportunities to develop services and
products that ease pressure on the environment
and fulfil social and economic needs. Improve
the SD knowledge base through research The
Community should fully exploit the potential of
the next Community Framework Programme for
Research to support research activities related
to sustainable development as a part of the
European Research Area.
14

• The coming face-off Lisbon vs Gothenburg
  Innovation for competition vs Innovation for
  sustainable development

Perspectives from Catherine Day Director-Genera
l DG Environment European Commission Presented
at Comhar Conference for National Sustainable
Development Councils and National Sustainable
Development Experts Kinsale, Ireland 15-16 April
2004
15

• Time-line and background
• Both strategies to be reviewed at Spring
  Council March, 2005
• Several separate assessments of both strategies
  being prepared and delivered now
• Report from High Level Group on Lisbon Strategy
  (Kok Report) tabled 4 November 2004
• Process portrayed as direct confrontation between
  the priorities of Lisbon and the priorities of
  Gothenburg
• Mobilization of NGOs in support of Gothenburg
  and of major business/labour interests in support
  of Lisbon (with active downplaying of
  environmental regulations and initiatives)

16

• Political aspirations of DG Environment
• Look for a shared vision between Lisbon and
  Gothenburg
• Attempt to accommodate competitive concerns
• But maintain core principles of the SD strategy
  Prevent race to the bottom Promote triple
  bottom line (integrating economic, social and
  environmental concerns)
• Highlight in particular the relationship between
  technological innovation and sustainable
  development goals
• Clearly identify the costs of inaction
• Be clear on what a shift to SD really implies
• Involve civil society

17

• What member states can do
• 19 of 25 member states have SD strategies in
  place
• Press to implement and regularly assess
  strategies and action plans
• Three key challenges
• Turn ambitions into actions OECD political
  commitment and will are the crucial variables in
  implementing sustainable development
• Take administrative steps to ensure environmental
  policy integration within and across sectors
• Focus and prioritize key issues of
  non-sustainability
• Actively support review process of SD strategy at
  the EU level

18

• Og hva kan Norge gjøre til støtte for Gøteborg?
• Opptre ytterst forsiktig med hensyn til kritikk
  av EU på dette området
• Ta på alvor de omfattende svakhetene ved
  oppfølgingen av eget BU arbeid nasjonal
  strategi, handlingsplan, miljørapportering og
  indikatorarbeid
• Sørg for bedre integrering mellom
  Handlingsplanen for bærekraftig utvikling
  Nasjonal Agenda 21 (Kap 6 i Nasjonalbudsjettet
  2004) og Regjeringens plan for en helhetlig
  innovasjonspolitikk (Fra idé til verdi-
  undertegnet av fem ministre i oktober 2003)
• La ikke enkelte regjeringsmedlemmer komme med
  ubalansert støtte til Lisboas The 31 Percent
  Community
• Gi heller aktiv støtte til EFTAs pro-SD
  markeringer vis à vis Lisbon-strategien

19
Letter from EEA EFTA to the Chairman of the EU
High-level Group on the Lisbon Strategy
Balancing the three objectives The goal of
becoming the most competitive and dynamic
knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of
sustainable economic growth with more and better
jobs and greater social cohesion has an
important balance which must be maintained. A
tendency to concentrate on the economic pillar of
the Lisbon Strategy, at the expense of social
cohesion and environmental sustainability should
be resisted. While realizing that an increased
focus on growth and productivity may be
necessary, the EEA EFTA States recommend to keep
the balance between the three objectives of the
strategy.
20
Letter from EEA EFTA to Chairman of the EU
High-level Group on the Lisbon Strategy
Sustainable future Achieving sustainable growth
will depend on the ability to decouple economic
and social progress from environmental damage. A
push to develop and commercialize cleaner
technologies combines the goals of promoting a
cleaner environment and employment opportunities.
The EEA EFTA States contribute to the development
of clean technologies and can share experience in
sectors where they are strongly competitive, for
example in marine research, clean sustainable
energy, pollution prevention, remediation and
clean productions technologies.
Letter to Wim Kok on behalf of the EEA EFTA
countries, Signed by Halldor Asgrimsson,Prime
Minister of Iceland 16 September 2004