Propaganda and the American Media

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• Propaganda and the American Media

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(No Transcript)
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Model for Freedom of the Press

• The American Press is the Model for the Free
  Press.
• Objective Reporting Free from National Bias
• Free Market of Ideas and Beliefs will overall act
  to Ensure Balanced Coverage even where philosophy
  and ideology color framing and perspective.
  Conservative Voices Will be Counterbalanced by
  Liberal Views Providing an overall balanced
  perspective

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Dominant Frames and Cultural Explanations
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Dominant Frames and Cultural Norms

• Established frames and cultural explanations.
• Convey Dominant Cultural Meaning
• Make Sense of Complex Facts
• Help slot the new and unusual into existing
  familiar categories.

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Propaganda Machine

• 1. Accepted Frames and Cultural Norms
• 2. Controlling the Source Media Handling and
  Manipulation
• 3. The Power of Advertising
• 4. Media Ownership
• 5. Silencing Opposing Voices the Power of
  Market Enforcers

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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 1. Straight News Account
• 16 of stories.
• Inverted pyramid of who, what, where, when and
  how. Fact driven, no dominant narrative theme.

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Inverted Pyramid

• Inverted Pyramid
• Most news worthy information first
• Easy to access the most news-worthy information,
  saves readers time.
• Easy to edit.
• Alternatives
• Chronological
• Suspense story dramatic information at the end.
• Start in the present and flash back to fill in
  important details.

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Inverted PyramidHistory and Origins

• Example The Charge of the Light Brigade at the
  Battle of Balaklava, 1854
• Great Britain at war with present-day Turkey.
• British cavalry brigade is mistakenly ordered to
  mount a suicidal charge against Turkish heavy
  guns.
• British routed and driven from the field. Over
  100 killed, many more wounded.

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Inverted Pyramid History and Origin

• If the exhibition of the most brilliant valour,
  of the excess of courage, and of a daring which
  would have reflected luster on the best days of
  chivalry can afford full consolation for the
  disaster of today, we can have no reason to
  regret the melancholy loss which we sustained in
  contest with a savage and barbarian enemy.
• William Howard Russell reporting on the Charge
  of the Light Brigade at the Battle of
  Balaklava in 1854

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Charge of the Light BrigadeInverted Pyramid
Reporting

• A signal foul-up sent a British Cavalry Brigade
  into a disastrous head-on charge against Turkish
  artillery near Balaklava. Over 100 of the 690
  members of the British cavalry brigade were
  killed in the assault.

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2. Conflict Story 30 of stories Focused on the
conflict inherent in a situation or between its
main players. -Horse Race Who is winning and
who is losing. -Wrongdoing Exposed Uncovering
wrongdoing, corruption or injustice
Abu Ghraib Prison, Iraq
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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 3. Consensus Story
• 6 of stories.
• Emphasizing the points of agreement around an
  issue or event.
• 4. How It Works Process Story
• 12 of stories.
• An explanation of the process of something or how
  something works a background explanation piece.
  

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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 5. How It Works Historical Outlook
• 12 of stories.
• An explanation of how current events fit into
  history.
• 6. How It Works Trend Story
• 12 of stories.
• The news as an ongoing trend.

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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 7. Conjecture Story
• 9 of stories
• A story that asks What if? A focus on what is
  going to happen or what is to come.
• 8. Policy Explored
• 8 of stories
• A focus on exploring policy and its impact.
• 9. Personality Profile
• 7 of stories
• Profiles of newsmakers