America enters the War

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Chapter 35

• America enters the War

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Decision was made to defeat Hitler first!

• Time was most need munitions
• Americans unite against the dictators
• Japanese internment 110,000 Japanese Americans
  interned in camps on the west coast. It was the
  most severe attack on American civil liberties
  during WWII. --February 1942
• Excuse/national security

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• Had to sell homes businesses on short notice
• Put in camps armed guards in undesirable places
• 1200 volunteered to serve the US army

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The US organizes for war
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War productions Board created to direct
industrial production so as to provide necessary
war materials

• Pulls us out of the depression
• 40 billion bullets 300,000 aircraft 76,000 ships
  86,000 tanks 2.6 million machine guns
• Halts the manufacture of non essential goods
• Farmers increase their output
• Ship builder Henry Kaiser built one ship in 14
  days

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Office of Price Administration

• Brought prices under control
• Organized rationing
• Some cheat

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War labor Board

• Put a ceiling on wages
• Settled labor-management disputes so as to
  prevent strikes
• Labor unions grew from 10 million to 13 million
  during the war and there were some strikes
• Smith-Connally Anti Strike act authorized
  government to seize and operate tied up industries

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Man Power

• 15 million men serve about 16 saw action 10
  million through draft
• Women serve in non combat roles WACS WAVES SPARS
• Mexican farm workers called braceros allowed
  across the border to harvest crops a program that
  out live the war
• Over six million women enter the work force
  (Rosie the Riveter)

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African Americans

• Could join the marines
• Must fight in black units
• Few officers but more could become officers
• Charles Drew a black man develops the blood bank
  but blood was segregated
• Roosevelt orders no discrimination sets up fair
  Employment practices Committee to prevent racial
  discrimination and religious discrimination.
  NAACP membership booms
• One million blacks move north and west causing
  unrest in those states and cities

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Paying for the war

• With holding taxes began and lower tax brackets
• 330-400 billion 1/3 taxes 2/3 borrowed through
  bonds
• Debt went from 50 billion to 250 billion

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European Theater

• Germany we decided to defeat first
• German subs hurt American shipping until we
  controlled Atlantic -Allies had developed SONAR
  So(und) Na(vigation) R(anging ) Radar
• Battle of the Atlantic came first

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North African

• To stop Rommel
• British stop German at El Alamein Egypt (protect
  Suez Canal) Montgomery- led British
• US gets involved with Eisenhower leading US,
  British, Canadian troops in an invasion of North
  Africa at Morocco Nov. 1942
• Axis troops put in Vice and North Africa soon
  taken by allies

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1943 allies invade Sicily and southern Italy

• Mussolinis fascists collapse Italy surrenders
  unconditionally
• Germany does rush troops here ( by 1944 Rome
  taken)

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By 1942 Russians were on counter offensive

• They wanted a second front
• They broke the siege of Stalingrad and
  surrounded the German army
• Jan. 1943- Siege of Leningrad ended

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Casablanca Conference 1943

• Allies decide to take Sicily and Italy
• Americans wanted to invade France
• Unconditional surrender decided upon (some
  criticize as prolonging the war)

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Air war

• British began bombing Germany in 1941 flew over
  at night saturation bombed whole areas
• Americans- Army Air Force attack in 1942
  pinpoint attack in day light
• B-17 Flying Fortress soon being shot down
• America develops long range fighters
• Germans develop V-1 and V-2 Flying bombs

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D-day June 6, 1944

• Landed at Normandy France
• Best kept secret of war
• Eisenhower was Overlord code name for invasion
• Germans believed attack (Overlord) would come at
  Calais to North
• Patton used as decoy
• 600 warships 4000 tanks 176000 men supported by
  11000 planes

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Battle of the bulge

• Germans final attempt
• Hit allied lines in one big offensive to take
  Antwerp an allied base
• Aided by bad weather Germans got good start
• Germans had run out of gas

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Other events

• April 12,1945 Roosevelt dies
• May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders V-E day

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War in the pacific-

• Allies had early losses Guam, Philippines
• April 1942 US begins raids on Tokyo
• Did little damage but boosted morale
• B-25's led by General Doolittle in 60 seconds
  over Tokyo

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Battle of Coral Sea

• Yamamoto wanted to defeat pacific fleet
• First sea battle where neither ship saw the
  other
• Battle was draw US lost the Lexington
• Stopped Japanese advance

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Midway June 1942

• Japanese wanted stationary aircraft carrier
  (island)
• US sent 4 carriers to the bottom of the sea
  that Japan could not replace
• US lost 1 carrier
• Turning point of the war

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Pacific Offensive

• Guadal Canal of Solomon Islands
• Stepping stone needed for the allies return to
  Philippines
• Begins island hopping strategy that continues
  until the end of the war

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Island hopping

• Taking an island near to Japanese held island to
  attack other island and work toward Japan
• Iwo Jima and Okinawa were two islands important
  to the taking of Japan
• Lost 5000 American lives- Mt. Suribachi on Iwo
  Jima
• Okinawa was one of costliest battle in ships
  and lives
• Japanese use Kama Kasi
• 11,260 killed 33,000 wounded 100,000 Japanese

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Manhattan project

• Took about 3 years
• cost 2 billion
• first explosion July 16, 1945
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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Yalta

• decided how to divide up Europe
• decided on U.N.
• Russia promises to fight Japan within 2-3 months
  after defeat of Germany. Russia will get
  Sackaline Islands Kuril Islands 2 ports