PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
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PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

• I.
• HISTORICAL VIEWS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

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• THEORIES OF THE NATURE, CAUSES, AND TREATMENT OF
  PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
• 1. THE BIOLOGICAL MODEL PSYCHOLOGICAL
  DISORDERS HAVE A BIOCHEMICAL OR PHYSIOLOGICAL
  BASIS

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• 2. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL PSYCHOLOGICAL
  DISORDERS ARE THE RESULT OF UNCONSCIOUS CONFLICTS

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• 3. THE COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL MODEL DISORDERS
  ARE THE RESULT OF LEARNING MALADAPTIVE RESPONSES

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• CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
• 1. THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL (4TH
  EDITION) TYPICALLY USED

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• THE PREVALENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
• (THE PREVALENCE OF A DISORDER REFERS TO THE
  FREQUENCY OF THE DISORDER AT A GIVEN TIME.
  APPROXIMATELY 15 OF AMERICANS SUFFER FROM MENTAL
  DISORDERS AT ANY GIVEN TIME)

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II. MOOD DISORDERS

• DEPRESSION SADNESS, LACK OF INTEREST, FEELINGS
  OF WORTHLESSNESS
• (THE MOST COMMON MOOD DISORDER IS DEPRESSION, A
  STATE IN WHICH A PERSON FEELS OVERWHELMED WITH
  SADNESS, LOSES INTEREST IN ACTIVITIES, AND
  DISPLAYS OTHER SYMPTOMS SUCH AS EXCESSIVE GUILT
  OR FEELINGS OF WORTHLESSNESS)

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• MANIA AND BIPOLAR DISORDER EUPHORIA, EXTREME
  ACTIVITY, DISTRACTEDNESS, EXCESSIVE TALKATIVENESS
• (ANOTHER, LESS COMMON MOOD DISORDER IS MANIA.
  PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM MANIA BECOME EUPHORIC
  (HIGH), EXTREMELY ACTIVE, EXCESSIVELY TALKATIVE,
  AND EASILY DISTRACTIBLE. SUCH A MOOD DISORDER,
  IN WHICH BOTH MANIA AND DEPRESSION ARE
  ALTERNATELY PRESENT, SOMETIMES INTERRUPTED BY
  PERIOD OF NORMAL MOOD, IS KNOWN AS BIPOLAR
  DISORDER

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• CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS
• 1. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS BOTH GENETICS AND
  NEUROTRANSMITTERS PLAY A ROLE
• 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS
  PLAY A ROLE
• 3. SOCIAL FACTORS INTERPERSONAL DIFFICULTIES
  PLAY A ROLE

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III. ANXIETY DISORDERS

• SPECIFIC PHOBIAS INTENSE FEARS ASSOCIATED WITH
  SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES, OBJECTS
• (ANXIETY DISORDERS HAVE BEEN SUBDIVIDED INTO MANY
  SPECIFIC DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES
• SPECIFIC PHOBIA
• SOCIAL PHOBIA
• AGORAPHOBIA)

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• PANIC DISORDER RECURRENT PANIC ATTACKS OF FEAR
  WITHOUT CAUSE
• (PANIC DISORDER IS CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT
  PANIC ATTACKS, WHICH ARE SUDDEN, UNPREDICTABLE,
  AND OVERWHELMING EXPERIENCES OF INTENSE FEARS OR
  TERROR WITHOUT ANY REASONABLE CAUSE)

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• OTHER ANXIETY DISORDERS
• 1. GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER PROLONGED
  VAGUE BUT INTENSE FEARS WITHOUT FOCUS
• 2. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER DRIVEN TO
  DISTURBING THOUGHTS OR RITUALS

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IV. PSYCHOSOMATIC AND SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

• PSYCHOSOMATIC PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS PLAY A ROLE
  IN PRODUCING REAL PHYSICAL DISORDERS
• (PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS ARE ILLNESSES THAT HAVE
  A VALID PHYSICAL BASIS BUT ARE LARGELY CAUSED BY
  PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS SUCH AS STRESS AND ANXIETY)

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• SOMATOFORM PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS PERSIST WITHOUT
  ANY IDENTIFIABLE PHYSICAL CAUSE
• 1. SOMATIZATION DISORDER RECURRENT VAGUE
  SOMATIC COMPLAINTS WITHOUT PHYSICAL CAUSE
• 2. CONVERSION DISORDERS DRAMATIC DISABILITY
  WITH NO PHYSICAL CAUSE

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V. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

• DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA LOSS OF MEMORY WITHOUT
  ORGANIC CAUSE
• DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER MULTIPLE
  PERSONALITY DISORDER
• DEPERSONALIZATION DISORDER PERSON SUDDENLY
  FEELS STRANGELY CHANGED OR DIFFERENT
• (IN DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS, SOME PART OF AN
  INDIVIDUALS PERSONALITY OR MEMORY IS SEPARATED
  FROM THE REST)
• SEEMS TO INVOLVE UNCONSCIOUS PROCESS AND
  BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

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VI. SEXUAL DISORDERS

• SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
• 1. SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDERS
• 2. ORGASMIC DISORDERS
• 3. PREMATURE EJACULATION AND VAGINISMUS
• (SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION IS THE LOSS OR INPAIRMENT OF
  THE ABILITY TO FUNCTION EFFECTIVELY DURING SEX)

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• PARAPHILIAS
• 1. FETISHISM NONHUMAN OBJECT PREFERRED FOR
  SEXUAL AROUSAL
• 2. VOYEURISM DESIRE TO WATCH OTHERS HAVING
  SEXUAL RELATIONS
• 3. EXHIBITIONISM COMPULSION TO EXPOSE ONES
  GENITALS IN PUBLIC
• 4. FROTTEURISM ACHIEVING SEXUAL AROUSAL BY
  RUBBING OR TOUCHING A NONCONSENTING PERSON
• 5. TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM SEXUAL GRATIFICATION
  THROUGH WEARING OPPOSITE SEXS CLOTHING
• 6. SEXUAL SADISM SEXUAL GRATIFICATION THROUGH
  HUMILIATING OR HARMING A PARTNER
• 7. SEXUAL MASOCHISM SEXUAL GRATIFICATION
  THROUGH PAIN
• 8. PEDOPHILIA SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH CHILDREN
  AS PREFERRED OR EXCLUSIVE METHOD
• (PARAPHILIAS INVOLVE THE USE OF UNCONVENTIONAL
  SEX OBJECTS OR SITUATIONS)

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• GENDER-IDENTITY DISORDERS
• (GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS INVOLVE THE DESIRE TO
  BECOME, OR THE INSISTENCE THAT ONE REALLY IS, A
  MEMBER OF THE OTHER SEX)

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VII. PERSONALITY DISORDERS

• TYPES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• (PERSONALITY DISORDERS ARE ENDURING, INFLEXIBLE,
  AND MALADAPTIVE WAY OF THINKING AND BEHAVING THAT
  ARE SO EXAGGERATED AND RIGID THAT THEY CAUSE
  SERIOUS INER DISTRESS AND/OR CONFLICTS WITH
  OTHERS)

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• 1. SCHIZOID INABILITY OR DESIRE TO FORM SOCIAL
  RELATIONSHIPS
• 2. PARANOID INAPPROPRIATELY SUSPICIOUS OF
  OTHERS AND THEIR MOTIVES
• 3. DEPENDENT INABILITY TO MAKE DECISIONS OR
  ACT INDEPENDENTLY
• 4. AVOIDANT MARKED SOCIAL ANXIETY LEADING TO
  ISOLATION
• 5. NARCISSISTIC DISPLAYING A GRANDIOSE SENSE
  OF SELF-IMPORTANCE
• 6. BORDERLINE MARKED INSTABILITY IN
  SELF-IMAGE, MOOD, RELATIONSHIPS

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• ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
• 1. SHOWING LITTLE SENSE OF REMORSE WHILE LYING,
  CHEATING, STEALING
• (ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS SEEMS TO RESULT
  FROM A COMBINATION OF BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITION,
  ADVERSE PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCES AND UNHEALTHY
  SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT)

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VIII. SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS

• COMMON PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
• HALLUCINATIONS, DELUSIONS, LANGUAGE DISRUPTIONS
• (SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS ARE SEVERE CONDITIONS
  MARKED BY DISORDERED THOUGHTS AND COMMUNICAITONS,
  INAPPROPRIATE EMOTIONS, AND BIZARRE BEHAVIOR THAT
  LAST FOR YEARS. PEOPLE WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA ARE
  OUT OF TOUCH WITH REALITY AND USUALLY CANNOT LIVE
  ANYTHING LIKE A NORMAL LIFE UNLESS THEY ARE
  SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH MEDICATION. THEY OFTEN
  SUFFER FROM HALLUCINATIONS AND DELUSIONS)

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• TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS
• 1. DISORGANIZED BIZARRE, CHILDLIKE BEHAVIOR
  PREDOMINATES
• 2. CATATONIC DISTURBED MOTOR BEHAVIOR MOST
  NOTABLE SYMPTOM
• 3. PARANOID EXTREME SUSPICIOUSNESS AND
  BIZARRE, COMPLEX DELUSIONS
• 4. UNDIFFERENTIATED CLEAR SYMPTOMS THAT DONT
  MEET CRITERIA FOR OTHER SUBTYPES

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• CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• RESEARCH INDICATES THAT A BIOLOGICAL
  PREDISPOSITION TO SCHIZOPHRENIA MAY BE INHERITED.

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IX. CHILDHOOD DISORDERS

• ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (AD/HD)
• (CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERAC
  TIVITY DISORDER ARE EASILY DISTRACTED, OFTEN
  FIDGETY, AND IMPULSIVE, AND ALMOST CONSTANTLY IN
  MOTION)

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• AUTISTIC DISORDER
• (A PROFOUNDLY SERIOUS PROBLEM IDENTIFIED IN THE
  FIRST FEW YEARS OF LIFE, IS CHARACTERIZED BY A
  FAILURE TO FORM NORMAL ATTACHMENTS TO PARENTS,
  LACK OF SOCIAL INSTINCTS, AND STRANGE MOTOR
  BEHAVIOR)

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GENDER AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDES

• GENDER DIFFERENCES
• 1. WOMEN TEND TO HAVE HIGHER RATES OF DISORDERS
  THAN DO MEN
• (STUDIES HAVE CONCLUDED THAT WOMEN HAVE A HIGHER
  RATE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS THAN MEN DO,
  ESPECIALLY FOR THE MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS)