Cold War Strategies

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Cold War Strategies

• Avoiding Nuclear War
• Intervention
• Containment by military means
• Détente
• Containment by engagement and management of
  Soviet behavior

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1. Intervention

• The Dilemma
• How do you contain communist military aggression
  without risking a nuclear war?

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Korean War 1950-53

• Limited War
• Goals
• Weapons
• Geography
• Talk and Fight

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Viet Nam (after 1954)
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Strategic Logic

• Domino Theory

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N. Vietnamese Strategy

• Classic Guerrilla Warfare
• Mao Zedong
• a guerrilla wins by not losing
• Insurgency
• Backed by USSR
• Wars of National Liberation

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Ho Chi Minh Trail
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Containment and Domestic Politics

• JFK

• LBJ

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The Dilemma of Viet Nam

• Cant lose South Viet Nam
• Cant do what we need to win
• Korea
• WW III?
• Solution
• Limited War
• Coercive Diplomacy (Bombing)

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From LBJ to Nixon

• LBJ says Goodbye

• Nixons War

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Shadow of Viet Nam

• Limits of US Power and Force
• Wisdom of Intervention
• Difficulties of Nation Building
• Nationalism
• Public Opinion

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Congress challenges President

• War Powers Resolution 1973 (PL 93-148) (from
  Federation of American Scientists , see Appendix
  3)
• Clark Amendment
• to Arms Export
• Control Act 1976

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End of US Foreign Policy Consensus?

• Truman Doctrine Consensus
• L R
• Post-Viet Nam Polarization

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Viet Nam Syndrome

• http//pewresearch.org/pubs/432/iraq-and-vietnam-a
  -crucial-difference-in-opinion

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2. Détente

• The Dilemma
• How do you contain and compete with the USSR
  after Korea and Viet Nam

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Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
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Nixon and His Key Foreign Policy Adviser

• Nixon and Henry Kissinger

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Nixon-Kissinger Decision Making

• RN-HAK Process

Nixon
Kissinger
NSC Staff
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Why Détente?

• Strategic parity
• Sino-Soviet Split
• Viet Nam Syndrome

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Strategic Parity

• Stockpiles

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Sino-Soviet Split

• PRC
• Mao Zedong
• 1949-1976

• USSR
• Nikita Leonid
• Khrushchev Brezhnev
• 1956-1964 1964-1982

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Viet Nam Syndrome

• Nixon recognizes this
• Nixon Doctrine
• Remarks July 25, 1969 (see Q and A)
• Address to the nation, Nov. 3, 1969

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Detente

1. Still containment
2. New Goal Change USSR behavior
3. Old-school Balance of Power

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Arms Control Policy

• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, May 1972
• Interim Agreement on Offensive Arms
• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

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2. Triangular Diplomacy

• US
• USSR PRC

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Kissinger to China, July 1971
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Nixon-Mao Summit in China, February 1972

• Shanghai Communique

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China and Taiwan
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Detente Successes

• Management of arms race
• Management of US-Soviet global competition
• Opening to China
• Nixon hailed as a foreign policy genius
• Kissinger wins Nobel Peace Prize

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Détente CollapsesFord and Carter
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Carter Human Rights Focus

• But
• Iran
• South Korea
• China

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SALT II
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Carter Advisors

• Sec State Cyrus Vance

• NS Adv. Zbigniew Brzezinski

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Iranian Revolution

• Shah of Iran
• Mohammed Reza Pahlevi

• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

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November 4, 1979
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December 1979
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Arc of Crisis
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Détente Ends

• Carter Gets Tough
• SALT II Dies
• Defense Buildup
• Carter Doctrine
• Rescue Mission
• Vance resigns

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Rescue Mission April 1980
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