Insect ID and Management

1
Insect ID and Management

• Kelly V. Tindall
• Extension Entomologist
• Twin Falls County

2
Management Techniques

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Management of pests that incorporates many
  practices for environmentally friendly and
  economically feasible control of pests
• Physical/Mechanical barriers, hand removal
• Cultural proper irrigation
• Biological ladybugs, lacewings, etc.
• Chemical general vs selective insecticides
• Variety selection tolerance or resistance

3
Mechanical/Physical Control
4
Cultural Control
Water
5
Biological Control
6
Chemical Control
7
Variety Selection

• Three ways plants are resistant
• Tolerance
• Plants able to withstand injury better
• Antixenosis
• Not-preferred
• Too hairy, too waxy
• Odorous
• Antibiosis
• Toxic to the insect
• Plant compounds with in the plant

8
Natural Control (Abiotic)

• Temperature
• Hard winters ? populations
• High temps increase insect development
• Rainfall
• Drowns soil insects (any stage)
• Too dry, insects dry out also
• Sunny versus shady
• Some insects have a preference for shaded areas
• Wind
• Increases migration potential

9
Identification
10
Classification System

• Kingdom (Animalia)
• Phylum (Arthropoda)
• Class (Insecta)
• Order (Hymenoptera)
• Family (Apidae)
• Genus (Apis)
• Species (Mellifera)
• Common Name Honey Bee

11
Why Learn Classification?

• Groups have similar biology and appearance
• More specific groups have closer biology
• Characters relate to damage and pest status
• When a name is known we can look up more
  information

12
Classification System
3 Kingdoms (1894) 5 Kingdoms (1959) 6 Kingdoms (1977) 3 Domains (1990)
Protista Monera Eubacteria Bacteria
Plantae Protista Archaebacteria Archaea
Animalia Fungi Protista Eukarya
Plantae Fungi
Animalia Plantae
Animalia
13
Classification System

• Kingdom (Animalia)
• Phylum (Arthropoda)
• Class (Insecta)
• Order (Hymenoptera)
• Family (Apidae)
• Genus (Apis)
• Species (Mellifera)
• Common Name Honey Bee

14
Animalia Characteristics

• Multicellular
• Organelles have
• Nucleus
• No chloroplasts or cell walls
• Move via contractile proteins
• cilia, flagella, or muscular organs
• Ingest nutrients

15
Classification System

• Kingdom (Animalia)
• Phylum (Arthropoda)
• Class (Insecta)
• Order (Hymenoptera)
• Family (Apidae)
• Genus (Apis)
• Species (Mellifera)
• Common Name Honey Bee

16
Arthropoda Characteristics

• Exoskeleton
• Chitin
• Segmented appendages
• Segmented body
• Bilateral symetry
• Dorsal tubular heart
• Ventral paired nerve chord

17
Classification System

• Kingdom (Animalia)
• Phylum (Arthropoda)
• Class (Insecta)
• Order (Hymenoptera)
• Family (Apidae)
• Genus (Apis)
• Species (Mellifera)
• Common Name Honey Bee

18
Classes of Arthropods

• Arachnida spiders, mites, ticks
• Diplopoda millipedes
• Chilopoda centipedes
• Insecta insects

19
Arachnida Characteristics
Ticks, mites, spiders, scorpions

• Body divided into two parts
• Four pairs of legs
• No antennae
• No wings

20
Chilopoda
Centipedes

• Longer antennae than millipedes
• Flattened in cross section
• 1 pair of legs per segment
• Beneficial prey on other arthropods
• Are fast moving
• Have poison glands can
• inflict a painful bite

21
Dilopoda
Millipedes

• Feed on fungi and decaying plants
• Can damage plants
• 2 pair of legs per segment
• 2 visible body parts head and body
• Round in cross section
• Slow moving

22
Insecta Characteristics

• Mandibulate
• Mouth consists of mandible, maxilla labia
• 3 body segments
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen
• Pair of antenna
• Most have compound eyes

23
Classification System

• Kingdom (Animalia)
• Phylum (Arthropoda)
• Class (Insecta)
• Order (Hymenoptera)
• Family (Apidae)
• Genus (Apis)
• Species (Mellifera)
• Common Name Honey Bee

24
Orders of Insects

• Collembola spring tails
• Thysanura silver fish
• Ephemerptera maylfies
• Odanota dragonflies
• Phasmida walking sticks
• Orthoptera - grasshoppers
• Mantodea preying mantids
• Blattaria - roaches
• Isoptera - termites
• Dermaptera - earwigs
• Plecoptera - stoneflies
• Psocoptera book bark lice
• Phthiraptera true lice

• Hemiptera true bugs
• Homoptera aphids/hoppers
• Thysanoptera - thrips
• Neuroptera lace wings
• Coleoptera - beetles
• Mecoptera scorpionfly
• Siphonaptera - fleas
• Diptera flies, mosquitoes
• Tricoptera - caddisflies
• Lepidoptera butterfly/moth
• Hymenoptera ants, wasps, bees

25
No. of Species per Order
Aprx. 800,000 species
Hymenoptera
Hemiptera
Lepidoptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
26
Helpful Hints for Identification

• Pictures
• Specimens from a collection
• Biology
• Habitat soil, wood, plant, food, aquatic
• Sometimes host specific
• Characteristic damage patterns
• Time of year may help
• Rear immatures to adults
• Keys
• Ask the expert

27
Websites

• http//www.insectimages.org/search/index.cfm
• http//www.entomology.ksu.edu/DesktopDefault.aspx?
  tabindex165tabid86
• http//www.uky.edu/Agriculture/CritterFiles/casefi
  le/insects/bugs/stinkbugs/stinkbugs.htm
• http//www.cropproductionbasics.com/moth_identific
  ation.htm

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Characteristics of an Adult

• Head
• Pair of antennae
• Pair of mandibles

• Thorax
• Locomotor appendages
• 3 pairs of true legs
• 1 or 2 pairs of wings

head

• Abdomen
• Genitalia at the end
• Spiracles

29
Characteristics of Larvae
Abdomen Prolegs
Thorax (1st 3 segments after head true legs)
Head
30
Head of Insect
31
Head of Insect
Genae Cheeks
32
Head of Insect
33
Head of Insect
34
Head of Insect
35
Head of Insect
36
Head of Insect
37
Head of Insect
Mouth
38
Head of Insect
Labrum
39
Head of Insect
Mandibles
40
Head of Insect
Maxilla
41
Head of Insect
Labium
42
Antennal Types

• Setaceous
• Bristle-like
• Dragonfly

• Filiform
• Thread-like
• Cockroaches
• Ground beetles

• Moniliform
• Bead-like
• Termites

• Serrate
• Sawtoothed
• Click beetles

43
Antennal Types

• Clavate
• Gradually clubbed
• Carrior beetles

• Capitate
• Abruptly clubbed
• Butterflies

• Pectinate
• Comb-like
• Male glow-worms

• Geniculate
• Elbowed
• Ants
• Weevils

44
Antennal Types

• Aristate
• Pouch-like with lateral bristles
• Flies

• Lamellate
• Nested plates
• Scarab beetles (June bugs)

• Pulmose
• Feather-like
• Mosquitoes
• Male moths

45
Mouth Parts
Chewing
Sucking
46
Mouth Parts of the Orders

• Chewing
• Collembola
• Thysanura
• Ephemerptera
• Odanota
• Phasmida
• Orthoptera
• Mantodea
• Blattaria
• Isoptera
• Dermaptera
• Plecoptera

• Sucking
• Hemiptera
• Homoptera
• Phthiraptera
• Thysanoptera
• Siphonaptera
• Diptera
• Tricoptera
• Lepidoptera
• Hymenoptera

• Psocoptera
• Phthiraptera
• Neuroptera
• Coleoptera
• Mecoptera
• Siphonaptera
• Diptera
• Tricoptera
• Lepidoptera
• Hymenoptera

Mouthparts are different on immature and adult
forms
47
Thorax
Prothorax 1st thoracic segment 1st pair of legs
48
Thorax
Mesothorax Middle segment of thorax 2nd pair of
legs 1st pair of wings (forewing)
49
Thorax
Metathorax Last segment of thorax 3rd pair of
legs 2nd pair of wings (hindwings)
50
Wing Types

• Tegmina
• Front wings are completely leathery or
  parchment-like in texture
• Orthoptera
• Blattodea
• Mantodea

• Elytra
• Hard, sclerotized front wings that as protect
  membranous hind wings
• Coleoptera
• Dermaptera

• Hemelytra
• Front wings that are leathery at the base and
  membranous near the tip
• Hemiptera

51
Wing Types

• Halteres
• Small, club-like hind wings
• Diptera

• Fringed wings
• Slender wings with long fringes of hair
• Thysanaptera

• Hairy wings
• Front and hind wings covered with setae
• Trichoptera

52
Wing Types

• Scaly wings
• Front and hind wings covered with scales
• Lepidoptera

• Frenulum
• Bristle near base of hind wing that holds front
  and hind wings together
• LepidopteraS

53
Wing Types

• Membranous
• Clear wings with many veins
• Wings may be tinted with color or banded-pattern
• Odanota
• Neuroptera

• Hamuli
• Tiny hooks on hind wing that hold front and hind
  wings together
• Hymenoptera

54
Insect Legs
coxa - the basal segment of the insect leg (ball
joint where human leg fits into thigh)
trochanter - segment between coxa and femur
femur - the third leg segment, (human thigh bone)
tibia - the fourth leg segment, (shin bone)
tarsus - the part of the leg beyond the tibia
(foot)
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Insect Legs
Cursorial running Roaches Tiger beetles
Fossorial - digging Mole cricket
56
Insect Legs
Natorial swimming Whirligig beetles Back
swimmers Water boatmen
Saltorial - jumping Grasshoppers
57
Insect Leggs
Ratptorial grasping Preying mantid
58
Abdomen

• Multiple segments
• Spiracles present on abdominal segments
• May have appendages on last segment
• Genitalia present on abdomen

59
Spiracles

• Used for respiration
• Usually 1 10 pairs
• Can be important for ID purposes (maggot larvae)

60
Abdominal Appendages
Mayfly

• Cerci
• Paired abdominal segments
• Sensory or defensive in nature
• Often reduced or retracted into the body

• Cornicles
• Tubular structures on the 5th or 6th segment
• Secrete defensive fluids

61
Metamorphosis

• Simple
• external wing development (if winged), no period
  of inactivity
• Ametabolous
• Hemimetabolous
• Paurometabolous
• Intermediate
• External wing pads internal development, period
  of inactivity
• Complete
• Internal wing development, period of inactivity

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Simple Metamorphosis
Ametabolous Immatures look identical to adult
only smaller (silverfish)
63
Simple Metamorphosis
Hemimetabolous Immatures (niads) look different
than adult NO PUPA (mayflies and odanates)
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Simple Metamorphosis

• Paurometabolous
• Immatures (nymphs) look similar to adult
• Gradual development of wing pads externally
• Homoptera, Hemiptera other orders

65
Incomplete Metamorphosis

• Intermediate
• Immatures (nymphs) look similar to adult
• Some internal wing development
• prepupal and pupal stages (period of inactivity)

66
Complete Metamorphosis

• Holometabolous
• Immatures (larvae/ maggots) look different than
  adult
• Pupa formed
• Bettles, diptera, lepidoptera, hymenoptera)
• Internal wing development

67
Type of Metamorphosis by Order

• Simple (A)
• Collembola
• Thysanura

• Simple (P)
• Phasmida
• Orthoptera
• Mantodea
• Blattaria
• Isoptera
• Dermaptera
• Psocoptera
• Phthiraptera
• Hemiptera
• Homoptera
• Psocoptera

• Intermediate
• Thysanoptera

• Complete
• Neuroptera
• Coleoptera
• Mecoptera
• Siphonaptera
• Diptera
• Tricoptera
• Lepidoptera
• Hymenoptera

• Simple (H)
• Ephemerptera
• Odanota
• Plecoptera

A ametabolous H hemimetabolous P
paurometabolous
68
Larval Types

• Vermiform
• Maggot-like, worm-like
• Legless
• With or without a developed head

• Elateriform
• Wireworm-like
• Elongate body
• Cylicrical
• Hardshelled
• Short legs

69
Larval Types

• Eruciform
• Caterpillar-like
• Cylindrical body
• Well developed head
• Short antennae
• Thoracic and prolegs

• Campodeiform
• Elongate body
• Somewhat flattened
• Usually well developed antennae
• Active

70
Larval Types

• Scarabaeiform
• Grub-like
• Usually curved (C-shaped)
• Well developed head
• Thoracic legs, NO prolegs

71
Larval Types by Order

• Eruciform
• Lepidoptera
• Mecoptera
• Hymenoptera

• Campodeiform
• Neuroptera
• Tricoptera
• Coleoptera

• Vermiform
• Diptera
• Siphonaptera
• Hymenoptera
• Coleoptera
• Lepidoptera

• Scarabaeiform
• Coleoptera

• Elateriform
• Coleoptera

Not the most common larval form of the order
72
Pupal Types

• Obtect
• Appendages more or less glued to body
• May be covered by cocoon
• Lepidoptera, some Diptera

73
Pupal Types

• Exerate
• Appendages free
• Not covered by cocoon
• mummified adult
• Most insects with complete metamorphosis NOT
  Lepidopteran or Diptera

74
Pupal Types

• Coarctate
• Like exerate but covered with hardened cuticle
• Some Diptera

75
Orders of Insects

• Collembola spring tails
• Thysanura silver fish
• Ephemerptera maylfies
• Odanota dragonflies
• Phasmida walking sticks
• Orthoptera - grasshoppers
• Mantodea preying mantids
• Blattaria - roaches
• Isoptera - termites
• Dermaptera - earwigs
• Plecoptera - stoneflies
• Psocoptera book bark lice
• Phthiraptera true lice

• Hemiptera true bugs
• Homoptera aphids/hoppers
• Thysanoptera - thrips
• Neuroptera lace wings
• Coleoptera - beetles
• Mecoptera scorpionfly
• Siphonaptera - fleas
• Diptera flies, mosquitoes
• Tricoptera - caddisflies
• Lepidoptera butterfly/moth
• Hymenoptera ants, wasps, bees

76
Collembola
Springtails

• Wingless
• Small
• Hop with tail appendage (furcula)
• Nuisance, rarely pests
• Soil, leaf litter
• Metamorphosis young resemble adults

77
Thysanura
Silverfish and Firebrats

• Wingless
• Long antennae
• Three tails
• Scales on the body
• Nuisance, pests in libraries
• Mouthparts Chewing
• Metamorphosis Young resemble adults

78
Ephemeroptera
Mayflies

• Upright wings
• Only group to molt once winged
• Elongate body
• Three tails
• Fish food, occasional nuisance
• Mouth parts chewing
• Metamorphosis aquatic immatures, winged adults

79
Odonata
Dragonflies and damselflies

• Two pairs of membranous wings
• Large conspicuous eyes
• Dragonflies hold wings flat
• Damselflies hold wings together
• Beneficial predators

80
Plecoptera
Stoneflies

• Large soft-bodied insects
• Four wings held flat over the back
• Hind pair fold fan-like
• Long antennae
• Larvae are aquatic
• Fish food, scavengers

81
Orthoptera
Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids

• Front pair of wings usually slender and leathery
• Hind pair of wings broad and fan-like
• Characteristic jumping hind leg
• Plant pests, few predators

82
Crickets
83
Katydids
84
Blattaria
Cockroaches

• Flattened bodies
• Head is concealed from above
• Two pairs of wings
• Eggs in a capsule called an ootheca
• Unpleasant odor
• Household pests

85
Mantodea
Mantids

• Large, elongate slow moving
• Front legs grasp prey
• Biological control agents
• Leaf mimics

Eggs
86
Praying Mantis
87
Phasmida
Walkingsticks

• Elongated bodies
• Slow moving
• Found on trees or shrubs
• Wingless as adults
• Foliage feeder
• Rarely a pest

88
Dermaptera
Earwigs

• Medium sized insects
• Four wings
• Hind wings are folded under front
• Abdomen exposed
• Cerci on last abdominal segment
• Predators
• Nuisance pests, chew on foliage

89
Isoptera
Termites

• Small, soft bodied
• Yellowish or whitish insects
• Wide waist, bead-like antennae (not bent)
• Liven in colonies in wood
• Three castes workers, soldiers and reproductives
• Structural pests

90
Head of Insect
91
Psocoptera
Psocids (Booklice)

• Tiny, soft-bodied insects
• Four wings or none at all
• Microscopic to ¼ inch
• Busted upper lip (swollen clypeus)
• Scavengers, pests in libraries and stored food,
  webbing on trees

92
Phthiraptera
Head Lice
Lice

• Wingless parasites on most birds and mammals
• Deposit eggs on hair or feathers
• Bloodsucking, transmit diseases

Crab Lice
Head Lice
93
Thysanpotera
Thrips

• Tiny insects about 1/8 in long
• Two pair of slender wings, fringed with long hair
• Legs and antennae are short
• Only pest with asymmetrical mouthparts
• Plant pests, minor bites of humans, frequent
  pests in greenhouses and blooms

94
Hemiptera
True Bugs

• Four wings, folded flat
• Front pair are thickened and leathery
• Beak arises from the front of head
• Plant feeders, predators

95
True Bugs
Adults
Bed bug
96
True Bugs
Nymphs
Leaf-footed bug
Tarnished plant bug
Giant water bug
Assassin bug
Bed bug
Backswimmer
Stink bug
97
Homoptera
Leafhoppers, Scales, Aphids, Mealybugs

• May or may not have wings
• Four wings when present and are held roof-like
  over body
• Feed on plants
• Mouthparts sucking with beak arising from the
  hind part of the head
• Metamorphosis Gradual
• Many are pests and can transmit diseases

98
Leafhoppers
Spines on hind tibia
99
Scales

• Female host specific, no antenna, legless
  wingless
• Male 1 pair wings, 1 pair haltere only
  reproduce, antenna

100
Aphids

• Plant specific
• Transmit viruses
• Cornicles tail pipes
• Symbiotic relationship with ants
• Give live birth

101
Mealybugs

• Characteristic trait body covered with wax or
  filamentous waxy secretions

• They feed on all parts of the plant, including
  roots, and reproduce all summer
• Many times they are controlled by natural
  enemies

102
Neuroptera
Lacewings, Antlions

• Fragile insects
• Two pair of many veined wings held roof-like
  over their abdomen
• Long antennae
• Many beneficial/predators

103
Lacewings
104
Antlions
Larvae live in the soil and seek prey
Antlion Larvae
Antlion Adults
105
Coleoptera
Beetles Weevils

• Largest order of insects
• Usually two pairs of wings
• Front pair are thick (elytra)
• Straight line down the middle of back
• Plant feeders, predators, scavengers, wood
  borers, etc

106
Weevils

• Many are economic pests
• Elongated rostrum (nose)
• Like to play dead

Immature weevils
Boll Weevil
Alfalfa Weevil
107
June Beetle/White Grub

• Adults
• 1/2 to 5/8 inches long
• Reddish brown
• Noctural
• Can be a nuisance near light
• Larvae (grubs)
• C-shaped
• White with brown head
• Three pairs of legs
• Soil-dwelling
• Feed on roots of grasses

108
Carpet Beetles

• Adult
• Small, stout, robust, or elongate oval
• Larva
• Usually covered with hairs
• Scavengers of plant and animal products
• the CSI bug (forensics)
• leather, skins
• museum specimens
• wool
• stored foods
• carrion (bone cleaners)

109
Cucumber Beetle

• Phytophagous (plant eaters)
• Usually oval shaped
• Can be colorful with stripes or spotted markings
  (may fade with age)
• Prefer shady cool places such as leaf and melon
  undersides
• Keep leaves dry lift fruits to keep the
  underside dry
• Adults overwinter in weedy areas therefore
  keep weeds cut down all year

110
Ladybird Beetles

• 1st biological control agent (cottony cushion
  scale)
• Predators of aphids eggs

111
Mecoptera
Scorpionflies

• Small to medium sized
• Four long, narrow wings
• Long antennae
• Larvae look like caterpillars
• Larvae live in damp soil
• Adults are seasonal in summer
• Adults feed on insects
• Harmless

112
Diptera
True Flies, Mosquitoes, Gnats, Midges

• Winged or wingless
• One pair of membranous wings one pair halteres
• Few feed on plant foliage
• Some of the most beneficial insects
• Beneficial as pollinators, parasites predator,
  stings are a nuisance

113
True Flies
Cherry Fruit Fly
114
Mosquitoes

• Larvae are aquatic
• Tiny hairs outline the margins of wings
• Adults feed on nectar or blood (females only)
• Females must have blood meal to produce young
• Crepuscular or nocturnal
• Males - plumose antenna

115
Hymenoptera
Ants, bees, wasps, hornets, sawflies

• Winged or Wingless
• Two pair of membranous wings
• Few feed on plant foliage
• Many beneficial insects - pollinators, parasites
  predators
• Stings are a nuisance
• Complete metamorphosis
• Many social insects

116
Carpenter Ants

• Black in color
• Build nests in old trees and logs
• May invade homes in search of food

117
Red Harvester Ants

• Will sting or bite
• Colonies occur in open areas
• Do not invade homes

118
Honey Bees

• Social insects
• Division of labor
• queen matriarch of the colony, lays eggs
• drones males, only purpose to mate kicked out
  in rough times
• workers females, tend to all duties (care for
  larvae and queen, food collection, etc)
• Communication - Waggle Dance

119
Yellow Jackets Hornets

• Very aggressive
• Distinguished from bees by their thin "waists"
• Fold their wings lengthwise when at rest
• Prey on a variety of arthropods, may forage on
  human (especially sweets and meats)
• Considered beneficial insects

120
Sawflies

• Adults resemble bees or small wasps
• Larvae resemble caterpillars
• gt5 pairs of abdominal prolegs
• Often spotted or striped
• ½ to 1 inch long
• External feeders on foliage
• Entire leaf or skeletonize
• Often clump together
• Wide host range including conifers, oaks, black
  locust, ash, black walnut woody ornamentals

121
Sawflies

• Small infestations - manually remove and destroy
  
• Large infestations of young larvae - spray with
  horticultural oil
• Large larvae - spray with a contact insecticide.
  
• Sawfly larvae are not caterpillars Bacillus
  thuringiensis (Bt) formulations for caterpillar
  control will not kill sawflies

122
Trichoptera
Caddisflies

• Soft bodied
• Two pairs of wings covered with silky hairs
• Adults have long antennae
• Adults resemble small dull-colored moths
• Larvae are usually scavengers
• Larvae build cases from pepples or bits of
  sticks often found in the cases with heads
  only protruding
• Fish food, rarely a nuisance

123
Lepidoptera
Moths Butterflies

• Four well-developed wings
• Wings have overlapping scales
• Caterpillars on leaves of plants
• Leaf feeders
• Few are beneficial

124

Cutworm
Corn Earworm
Armyworm
Looper
125
Clothes Moth
Banded Woolly Bear
126
Hummingbird Moth
Painted Lady
Western Tiger Swallowtail
Anise Swallowtail
127
Cabbage White
Common Branded Skipper
Western Sulpher
Pink-spotted Hawk Moth
128
Mourning Cloak
European Skipper
Monarch Caterpillar
Two-tailed Swallowtail
129
Siphonaptera
Fleas

• Small, wingless body
• Flattened laterally
• Larvae in nests of various animals
• Pests of animals and man

130
Insects of Special Interest
131
Earwigs

• Scary appearance, but harmless
• May emit a foul-smelling, yellowish-brown liquid
• Noctural
• Live live outdoors and rarely establish
  themselves indoors
• Can pinch with the forceps
• Predators

132
Earwigs

• Serious feeding damage may occur on flowers,
  vegetables, fruits and other plants
• Leaves have a ragged appearance with the
  numerous, small, irregular holes.
• Considered temporary pests
• Can occur in large populations
• Consume decomposing organic matter

133
Earwigs

• Tanglefoot (sticky trap) around tree trunks
  prevent them from crawling up trees
• Well maintained garden deters large infestations
• Baits are available for control

134
Leaf Miners

• Several kinds of leaf miners beetles, flies,
  sawflies, and caterpillars
• Adult lay eggs and the immatures do the actual 
  mining

135
Leaf Miners

• Host range fruit trees, grape vines, berry
  vines, grain crops, garden flowers, wildflowers,
  vegetables and weeds
• Usually not of economic concern
• Birches and foreign species of elms attacked by a
  sawfly leaf miner drop most of the  leaves may
  die
• Damage to vegetables and some flowers may be
  serious

136
Leaf Rollers

• Caterpillars protect themselves while they feed
• by rolling themselves up in a leaf or in several
  leaves of their host plant
• Difficult to control with insecticides because
  they are protected in the leaf

137
Aphids
138
Coddling Moth

• A destructive pest introduced from Europe by
  settlers
• Female moths lay the scale-like eggs singly on
  developing fruit or adjacent leaves or stems

139
Coddling Moth

• Larvae
• hatch and enter the side of the fruit and tunnel
  to the center
• pinkish to white in color with a brown head
• up to 3/4 inch long
• exit the fruit to pupate in a thick silken cocoon
  on the bark or other protected areas
• frass is often noticed near larvae entered

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Spittlebugs

• Nymphs
• Small, green, soft-bodied insects
• Surrounded by a frothy, white mass
• Protection from drying out and predators
• Adults
• small (¼ inch), winged insects
• fly away quickly when disturbed
• lay their eggs inside of stems or between the
  leaf blades and stems
• Hosts ornamental, vegetable and garden plants,
  forage crops, conifers, grasses and weeds

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Spittlebugs

• Damage
• Adults nymphs suck sap Inject toxin into a
  plant's vascular system
• Leaves appear distorted, yellow and/or stunted
• Control
• Spray with a sharp stream of water to dislodge
  spittlebugs and wash froth away
• some small spittlebugs will dry out
• insecticidal soaps may also be effective on
  spittlebugs

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Snailcase bagworm

• Introduced into the United States from Europe
  around 1940
• Larvae
• Produce a protective bag covered with small
  particles of soil, resembles a snail shell
• Lives inside this bag until becoming an adult
• Bag grows as the larvae grow (aprx. 1/4 in)

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Snailcase bagworm

• Escape detection because small and resembles soil
• Noticed when damage appears
• Nuisance - attach to house siding, automobiles,
  trees, or fence posts in large numbers
• Tight attachment - paint often removed when
  dislodged
• Problematic because
• feeds on many different plants
• females reproduce without mating
• carried long distances by mammals, birds, or
  humans    

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Snailcase bagworm

• Damage 
• Feed on leaf tissue
• Mine circular areas beneath the surface layer
• Potential nursery pest
• Baby's breath is highly susceptible
• Control
• Must control on the host plant prior to their
  migration to a pupation site
• Chemicals ineffective on pupae
• Manual control (hand removal/ killing) is only
  effective control

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Non-Insects
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Arachnida Characteristics
Ticks, mites, spiders, scorpions

• Body divided into two parts
• Four pairs of legs
• No antennae
• No wings

147
Orders of Arachnids

• Araneae spiders
• Acari mites, ticks
• Scorpiones scorpions
• Opiliones - harvestmen

148
Araneae
Spiders

• Wingless and lack antennae
• Six or eight legs
• Body variable in size and shape
• All food intake is liquid
• Webs to capture prey
• All are beneficial, few are hazardous

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Spider Facts

• Hundreds of species in Idaho
• All are beneficial
• Almost all have venom
• Hazardous spiders include black widow and hobo
  spiders
• Reactions vary with individual

150
Acari Characteristics
Ticks Mites

• Wingless, lack antennae
• Body is flat or round
• Adults have eight legs
• Ticks only feed on blood of animals
• Four stages egg, larva, nymph and adult

151
Ticks

• Ectoparisite feeds on blood
• Tick bites look like mosquito bites, but can
  also bruise or resemble a bullseye.
• Often found in tall grasses
• Can transmit human diseases
• relapsing fever
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• tularemia
• equine encephalitis
• several forms of ehrlichiosis
• Can transmit livestock diseases babesiosis
  anaplasmosis

Rocky Mountain Spotted Tick
Dog Tick
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Mites

• Diverse and successful
• Exploit an incredible array of habitats
• Because they are small most go totally unnoticed
• Many live freely in the soil or water, some
  live as parasites on plants or animals.
• Some of the plant pests include the so-called
  Spider mites Gall mites
• Sarcoptic Mange mites which burrow under the
  skin
• Perhaps the most well known, though, is the
  house dust mite
• Insects may also have parasitic mites. (Varroa
  mites which attaches to the body of the honeybee)

Peacock mite
Reproductive colony of plant mites
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Scorpionida Characteristics

• Wingless
• Lack Antennae
• Bodies are broad
• Tail with a sting at the tip
• Front appendages are enlarged pinchers
• Size from 1-3 inches

• Mouthparts chewing
• Metamorphosis Gradual
• Status Beneficial

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Scorpions

• More species as you go west
• 18 to 25 in Idaho
• Stings are painful but not fatal unless very
  sensitive