Biology Warm Up

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Biology Warm Up
For credit, please write complete answers.

• All living things are made up of cells. Some
  organisms are composed of only one cell. Other
  organisms are made up of many cells.
• 1. What are the advantages of a one-celled
  organism?
• 2. What are the advantages of an organism that is
  made up of many cells?
• 3. Steve McQueen starred in a movie about a giant
  one-celled organism. THE BLOB was a single cell
  that grew to the size of New York City. Why do
  you think that real life one-celled creatures are
  usually very small?
• Now, Read and take notes section 7.2

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• Life is Cellular Scavenger Hunt
• Answer these key questions. You can find them in
  section 7.1.
• 1. Explain cell theory
• 2. Make a sketch of a prokaryote and a eukaryote
  and label the differences.
• 3. What features do all cells (prokaryotes and
  eukaryotes) share?
• 4. What characteristics are unique to
  eukaryotes?

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Cell Structure and Function
7.1 Life is cellular

• Goals
• Explain what cell theory is
• Name the basic cell structures
• Describe prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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The Cell Theory
7.1 Life is cellular

1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and
   function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells

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Basic Cell Structures

• Membrane thin flexible barrier around ALL cells
• Cell Wall stronger more rigid barrier around the
  membrane of SOME cells (esp. plants)
• Nucleus Large interior structure of SOME cells
  containing genetic material and controlling cell
  functions
• CytoplasmThe fluid inside the membrane, but
  outside of the nucleus ALL CELLS

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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Nucleus Organelles Single-celled or multicellular
organisms Include All plants, animals, and fungi
many microorganisms
Smaller Simpler Have membrane and cytoplasm No
nucleus Include Bacteria Blue-green Algae
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Prokaryote v Eukaryote
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Organelles
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Cell Model Project
Assignment Create a 3-dimensional model of
either a plant cell or an animal cell. Both the
cell and major organelles must be 3-dimensional.
Organelles must be clearly labeled with labels
attached directly to the organelles.
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Cell Model Project
FAQs Of what shall I make my model? No messy or
perishable items (please, no fresh fruits or
vegetables), Successful models from past years
have been made of materials including beans,
noodles, playdough, bread dough (baked), dried
fruit, nuts, clay, wire, Styrofoam, a softball,
origami, fimo, pastry dough (cooked), paper bowl,
plaster of paris, paper mache, red licorice,
multivitamin tablets, colored cellophane and
apple seeds. Be creative. By all means, dont
call up Beverlys the night before to ask if they
have any appropriately-sized Styrofoam balls.
You dont need to spend money on this to make a
great cell model.
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Cell Model Project Rubric
10 points 7 points 3 points
Cell Model 10 7 3 Cell and organelles are 3-dimensional. All organelles are of appropriate size and shape. Structures are clearly present and labeled to indicate whether this is a plant or animal cell. Cell is 3-dimensional. Most organelles are or appropriate size and shape. Cell is correctly labeled as a plant or animal cell. Some organelles are present and recognizable.
Organelle Names 10 7 3 All major organelles are present. Labels with the name of each organelle are directly attached. Most major organelles are present and labeled correctly. Some major organelles are correctly labeled.
Organelle Function 10 7 3 All major organelles are in appropriate location with function labels directly attached. Most major organelles are labeled with function. Some function labels are present.
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• Dont forget your name and date (1 point)!
• Organelle Scavenger Hunt
• You will be doing this activity as a group of 3
  or 4
• As a group decide to draw either a plant or
  animal cell.
• As a group, select 8 major organelles to study
  and include in the poster you will be making (see
  section 7.2)
• Divide up the 8 organelles among the group
  members (2 or 3 organelles each)
• Each group member will take study and prepare to
  teach the group about his/her assigned organelles

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• Dont forget your name and date (1 point)!
• Each group member needs a paper.
• Organelle Scavenger Hunt
• Fold your paper in half lengthwise, then fold it
  in half crosswise.
• Label each of the 8 rectangles you have created
  (4 on the front, 4 on the back) with the name of
  one cell structure from chapter 7.2 that your
  group studied.
• Teach each other. In each box, make a drawing of
  the organelle, and write a description of its
  form and function
• Make a poster Now, working as a group, make one
  poster labeled, Plant Cell, or Animal Cell.
• Be sure to include labeled drawings of all the
  organelles you studied and their functions.
• Be sure that you have included and labeled
  structures which distinguish your cell as a plant
  or animal cell.

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Cell Structure and Function
7.2 Cell Structures

• Goals
• Describe the main function of the cell wall
• Describe the function of the nucleus
• Identify main roles of the cytoskeleton
• Describe the functions of the major cell
  organelles

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PLANT CELL
Vacuole
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome (free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome (attached)
Cell wall
Nuclear envelope
Cell Membrane
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrian
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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ANIMAL CELL
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus
Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrian
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
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The Cell Wall

• Main function - protection support
• Made of carbohydrate and protein fibers
• Cellulose
• wood and
• paper

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Nucleus

• Controls cell processes
• Contains hereditary information DNA
• Chromosomes and Chromatin DNA protein disperse
  as chromatin
• At divisions, chromatin forms chromosomes
• Nucleolus assembly of ribosomes
• Nuclear envelope pores through which RNA passes

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Cytoskeleton

• Protein
• Support
• Movement of some cells
• Microtubules hollow tubes maintain cell shape
• cilia
• flagella
• Control movement of organelles

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Cytoskeleton
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Ribosomes

• Creation of proteins following coded instructions
  from the nucleus
• Produced in the nucleolus
• Proteins produced move to the
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Membrane system
• Assembly of cell membrane
• Modification of proteins

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Golgi Apparatus

• Receive proteins from rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  
• Attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins

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Lysosomes

• Small
• Enzyme-filled
• Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
• Remove debris
• Digestion

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Vacuoles

• Storage
• water
• proteins
• salts
• carbohydrates
• Plants often have one big central vacuole
• Smaller vacuoles are called vessicles

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Chloroplasts

• Plants
• Photosynthesis
• Chlorophyll
• Double-membrane bound

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Mitochondria

• Metabolism
• Make high energy compounds from food
• Double membrane bound

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Organelle DNA

• Chloroplasts and Mitochondria contain their own
  DNA
• Margulis Are these organelles ancient
  prokaryotes?(endosymbiotic theory)
• ALL organelle DNA comes from egg!

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Cell Review Match UpCopy both columns. Match
correct responses. More than one response may be
appropriate.

1. Provides rigid structure external to the cell
   membrane
2. The powerhouse of the cell
3. Packages proteins and other products
4. Diffusion of water across a semipermeable
   membrane
5. The site of photosynthesis
6. Two organelles that have their own DNA apart from
   cellular DNA
7. Assembles amino acids into proteins
8. Recieves polypeptides from the ribosomes. Helps
   fold them into shape
9. In animals only. Part of the cytoskeleton
10. A semipermeable membrane surrounding the cell
11. Contains the cells genetic information
12. Movement of a substance from an area of high
    concentration to an area of low concentration.
13. Taking a substance into the cell by, pinching
    off, a portion of the membrane
14. Contains enzymes for breaking down large molecules

1 Nucleus 2 Lysosome 3 Mitochondrion 4
Diffusion 5 Endocytosis 6 Ribosome 7 Endoplasmic
Reticulum 8 Centriole 9 Osmosis 10 Cell
Membrane 11 Chloroplast 12 Cell Wall 13 Golgi
Body
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Cell Analogy

• Return to section 7-2 and read, The Cell as a
  Factory on page 182
• What part of the cell could be represented by the
  factory walls?
• What part of the cell represents the main office?
• What roll does the endoplasmic reticulum play in
  the cell as factory analogy?
• What about the golgi bodies?
• Where does the cell/factory get its power?
• Go further What could be the roll of the
  chloroplasts? Cell membrane?

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Cell Analogy

• Return to section 7-2 and read, The Cell as a
  Factory on page 182
• What part of the cell could be represented by the
  factory walls?
• What part of the cell represents the main office?
• What roll does the endoplasmic reticulum play in
  the cell as factory analogy?
• What about the golgi bodies?
• Where does the cell/factory get its power?
• Go further What could be the roll of the
  chloroplasts? Cell membrane?
• Now make up your own analogy for a cell.
• Your analogy will need a control center.
• It will probably involve some sort of product
• It will probably need some source of energy
• Make a list of all the organelles and other cell
  structure from section 7-2
• Now create a poster to present to the class.

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Crossing the Membrane Review

• 1. Plant roots are able to take in minerals even
  though there is already a higher concentration of
  minerals inside of the root than outside. Is this
  an example of active or passive transport? How do
  you know?
• 2. What is facilitated diffusion? Does
  facilitated diffusion require the cell to expend
  energy? Explain.
• 3. What is the difference between facilitated
  diffusion and active transport that uses a,
  protein pump.
• 4. Make two drawings of a cell of the aquatic
  plant, Elodea. Show one cell in a hypertonic
  solution of salt water and one in distilled
  water. Describe what has happened in each and
  label the cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole,
  cytoplasm and chloroplasts. Label the
  semipermeable membrane and the direction of net
  movement of water into or out of the membrane.

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Crossing the Membrane Review

• Plant roots are able to take in minerals even
  though there is already a higher concentration of
  minerals inside of the root than outside. Is this
  an example of active or passive transport? How do
  you know?
• Plant roots taking up minerals from the soil
  involves moving a substance against the
  concentration gradient. It takes energy and is
  therefore active transport.

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Crossing the Membrane Review

• 2. What is facilitated diffusion? Does
  facilitated diffusion require the cell to expend
  energy? Explain.
• In facilitated diffusion, a protein channel is
  open to a specific molecule which move in or out
  through the protein channel by diffusion. Since
  the flow is with the concentration gradient,
  facilitated diffusion does not require additional
  energy

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Crossing the Membrane Review

• 3. What is the difference between facilitated
  diffusion and active transport that uses a,
  protein pump.
• In active transport, the protein channel actually
  changes shape in order to force a molecule into
  or out of the cell against the concentration
  gradient.

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Crossing the Membrane Review

• 4. Make two drawings of a cell of the aquatic
  plant, Elodea. Show one cell in a hypertonic
  solution of salt water and one in distilled
  water. Describe what has happened in each and
  label the cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole,
  cytoplasm and chloroplasts. Label the
  semipermeable membrane and the direction of net
  movement of water into or out of the membrane.

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Cell Parts and Processes Review

• Cell Parts and Processes Review
• Fold a piece of paper into a 4 by 4 grid (16
  squares)
• Use all your resources from chapter 7,
  Worksheets, warm ups, guided readings, and
  anything you have in your binder to make up a
  list of at least 16 terms or concepts from the
  chapter.
• Write them on one side of the paper.
• Cut the paper into 16 flashcards and write study
  points on the back of each card.
• Compare your collection to the students sitting
  next to you. Add more cards to your set as
  needed.
• Quiz each other until the end of class.
• Study your flashcards again for homework tonight.

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Comparing Cells
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes
Nucleus Vacuoles Cytoskeleton Mitochondria
Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall
Small Circular DNA
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Comparing Cells
Draw two intersecting circles, label one, plant
cells, and the other, animal cells. Without
looking at your book or notes, create a proper
Venn diagram filling in each segment with
organelles that belong to plant cells, animal
cells, or both. Then get out your notes to check
your work.
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
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Comparing Cells
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Cell Wall
Nucleus Ribosomes Cell membrane Endoplasmic
reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Cytoskeleto
n Vacuoles
Lysosomes Centrioles
Chloroplasts
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What am I?

1. I assemble amino acids into polypeptides. What
   am I?
2. I contain the cells genetic information. What am
   I?
3. I hold enzymes that break down large molecules
   into compounds the cell can use. What am I?
4. I am the type of molecule that is embedded in
   the cell membrane and allows molecules that would
   not otherwise be able to pass through the
   semipermeable membrane to diffuse into or out of
   the cell.
5. I contain my own organelle DNA apart from the
   cells DNA, and I am not found in animal cells.
6. Surrounding the cell, I am composed of a lipid
   bilayer.
7. I do the final processing and packaging of
   macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that
   are synthesized by the cell.
8. I provide rigid structure external to the cell
   membrane.
9. I am composed of microtubules and microfilaments.
10. I receive polypeptide chains from the ribosomes
    and am responsible for folding them into their
    functional shapes

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What am I?

• I assemble amino acids into polypeptides. What am
  I?
• I am a ribosome
• I contain the cells genetic information. What am
  I?
• I am the nucleus
• I hold enzymes that break down large molecules
  into compounds the cell can use.
• I am a lysosome
• I am the type of molecule that is embedded in
  the cell membrane and allows molecules that would
  not otherwise be able to pass through the
  semipermeable membrane to diffuse into or out of
  the cell.
• I am a protein

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What am I?

• I contain my own organelle DNA apart from the
  cells DNA, and I am not found in animal cells.
• I am a chloroplast.
• Surrounding the cell, I am composed of a lipid
  bilayer.
• I am the cell membrane.
• I do the final processing and packaging of
  macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that
  are synthesized by the cell.
• I am a golgi body.
• I provide rigid structure external to the cell
  membrane.
• I am the cell wall
• I am composed of microtubules and microfilaments.
  
• I am the cytoskeleton (I could be centriole)
• I receive polypeptide chains from the ribosomes
  and am responsible for folding them into their
  functional shapes.
• I am the endoplasmic reticulum