Ration formulation

1

• Ration formulation
• The goal is to offset the animals requirement
  with an appropriate level of feed nutrients.
• There are economic and possibly animal welfare
  consequences when the ration is out of balance
  in either surplus or deficient direction.
• The accuracy of the process depends, how reliable
  the information provided for each side of the
  balance are (nutrient requirements of the
  animals, nutrient content of feeds).

2

• Ration formulation
• There are two ways for formulation
• hand methods (needs practice, practical
  experience, slow, does not take into account the
  price of feedstuffs)
• computer methods (quick, takes into account also
  the price of feedstuffs, needs also practical
  experience)
• For ruminants daily rations are prepared (daily
  ration for cows producing 20l milk per day)
• For monogastric animals compound diets are
  produced (diets for 30-60 kg pigs)
• The nutrient content of feeds
• can be measured in a laboratory
• can be found in the same recommendations like to
  the requirements
• In the case of ruminants the following
  requirement values are used
• dry matter, NE, crude protein, crude fibre, Ca,
  P,
• In the case of monogastric animals
• dry matter, DE or ME, crude protein, crude fibre,
  Ca, P, Lysine, Methionine Cystine
• Other minerals, vitamins, salt are added in the
  form of so called premixes

3

• Ration formulation
• The requirement of animals depends on the
• species (feedstuffs used for the ruminants and
  monogastrics are different)
• form of utilisation (the ration of milking cows
  contain more forage, on the other hand beef
  cattle are fed with rations containing high
  amounts of grains)
• age of animals (young animals need more energy,
  protein, minerals, vitamins requirements decline
  in elder animals)
• Requirement values can be determined or found in
  different recommendations (National Research
  Council, NRC other national recommendations,
  like Hungarian Feed Codex, research publications
  etc.)

4

• Determination the energy, protein or amino acid
  requirements with animal experiments

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Requirements of some animal species
Energy Crude protein Ca P
Beef cattle, live weight 300 kg, daily growth rate 800g 26,6 MJ NEm 11,6 MJ NEg 741g 29g 18g
Growing diet for pigs (50 kg) 14MJ DE 170g 6g 5g
Broiler grower diet (3-5 week old chicks) 13, 4 MJ ME 200g 9g 3,5g
Turkey growing diet (13 week old birds) 13,0 MJ ME 190g 7,5g 3,8g
non phytate, or available P
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• Formulation daily rations for milking cows

Basic ration (the roughage part of the ration,
covers the maintenance requirement of cows and
the production of about 10-12 l milk per
day) Supplementary feed (contains cereals and
protein concentrates, covers the requirement of
producing milk above the basic ration) Mineral
and vitamin premixes are mixed with the
supplementary feed. If no supplementary feed is
needed some grain meal (0,5-1 kg) is used to mix
with the premixes.
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• Formulation daily rations for milking cows

1. find out the nutrient requirement of the cow or
   th group of cows
2. find out the feedstuffs available
3. define the ratio of feedstuffs, according to the
   potential dry matter intake of cows and the
   recommended maximum ratios of feedstuffs
4. NEl and crude protein contents of the ration is
   calculated and compared with the requirements
5. Check the Ca and P supply. If necessary use Ca
   and P supplements. If both minerals are missing,
   use the P supplement first, since it contains
   also Ca. The final deficiency of Ca can be
   supplied with limestone.
6. Check the fibre content of the ration (203 of
   the dry matter intake)
7. Ruminants can feed about 8-10 green forages,
   3-5 silages, and 0,5-1 hays of their live
   weight.

10

• Formulation daily ration for 600 kg milking cows,
  producing 14 litre milk per day, the milk
  contains 3,6 fat, grazing on good quality
  pasture

Requirement Dry matter (kg) NEl (MJ) Crude protein (g) Ca (g) P (g)
Maintenance
Milk production
Total
Feedstuffs Nutrients in 1 kg dry matter Nutrients in 1 kg dry matter Nutrients in 1 kg dry matter Nutrients in 1 kg dry matter Nutrients in 1 kg dry matter Nutrients in the ration Nutrients in the ration Nutrients in the ration Nutrients in the ration Nutrients in the ration Nutrients in the ration
sz.a. NEl c. prot. c. fibre Ca P Amount dry matter NEl c. prot. c. fibre Ca P
(g) (MJ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (kg) (kg) (MJ) (g) (g) (g) (g)
corn silage 25
alfalfa hay 5
Total 30
Differences
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• Maintenance requirements of cows

Weight (kg) crude protein Ca p
Weight (kg) NEl, MJ NEl, MJ NEl, MJ g g g
Weight (kg) grazing grazing g g g
stall good quality medium quality
450 34,3 37,7 41,2 403 19 15
500 37,2 40,9 44,6 432 22 17
550 39,9 43,9 47,9 461 24 18
600 42,6 46,9 51,1 489 26 20
650 45,2 49,7 54,2 515 28 21
700 47,8 52,6 57,4 542 30 23
750 50,4 55,4 60,5 567 32 25
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• Requirements of production 1 litre milk

milk fat NEl MJ milk protein CP Ca p
milk fat NEl MJ milk protein g
3,0 2,68 2,7 77
3,5 2,87 2,8 82
3,6 2,92 2,9 83
3,7 2,96 3,0 84
3,8 3,00 3,1 85
3,9 3,04 3,2 86
4,0 3,10 3,3 87 2,8 1,7
4,1 3,13 3,4 88
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• Potential dry matter intake of dairy cows, kg
  (1kg)

Live weight (kg) 400 500 600 700
Milk production (kg) 10 10,0 11,5 13,2 14,7
15 11,2 12,5 14,4 16,1
20 12,4 14,0 16,2 18,2
25 13,6 15,5 18,0 19,6
30 14,8 17,0 19,2 21,0
35 16,0 18,0 20,4 22,4
40 19,0 21,6 23,8
45 - 20,0 22',8 25,2
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• Ca and P supplements

Name Ca P CaP Amount needed for supplying 1 g P
Name Dry matter (g/kg) g/kg CaP Amount needed for supplying 1 g P
MCP (monocalcium phosphate) 908 160 220 0,731 4,55
DCP (dicalcium phosphate) 980 290 210 1.381 4,76
ÁP-17 950 225 171 1,311 5,85
ÁP-18 950 191 187 1,021 5,35
Hostaphos 950 90 175 0,511 5,71
Nutrafosz I. (cattle ) 950 87 131 0,661 7,63
II. (pig) 950 184 105 1,751 9,52
III. (poultry) 950 170 105 1,621 9,52
Phylafor 950 39 121 0,321 8,26
Cefkaphos 950 160 227 0,701 4,41
Phylafor Super 950 34 180 0,191 5,56
Phylafor (sheep) 950 42 122 0,341 8,20
Limestone 950 380 - - -