What caused tension in Europe before 1914?

1
What caused tension in Europe before 1914?

• Explain each of the following
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• Significant Individuals

2
What caused tension in Europe before 1914?

• Militarism countries built up their
• military forces
• Alliances Europe was divided into 2
• armed camps
• Imperialism the more colonies a country
• had, the more powerful it was
• Nationalism many small countries wanted
• independence
• Significant Individuals Kaiser Wilhelm II

3
Q1. Militarism

• All countries increased spending on ________.
• The 2 power standard
• Naval race
• Race for biggest army between ______ and ______
• Conscription
• War by timetable
• Plan 17
• Schlieffen Plan

4
A1. Militarism

• All countries increased spending on weapons.
• The two power standard Britains navy had to
• be twice the size of the next two largest
• combined.
• Naval race Britain and Germany competed to
  build most battleships. (Dreadnought)
• Race for biggest army between France and
• Germany.
• Conscription all young men in France and
  Germany
• had to join armed forces.
• War by timetable nearly all countries had war
  
• plans.
• Plan 17 Frances war plan
• Schlieffen Plan Germanys plan for war on two
  fronts.

5
Q2. Alliances

• Divided Europe into ____ ______ ______.
• Triple Alliance
• Triple Entente

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A.2 Alliances

• Divided Europe into two armed camps.
• Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente Britain, France, Russia

7
Q3. Imperialism

• Colonies were important because
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• Germany wanted _ ______ __ ___ ___
• which meant she wanted colonies in Africa.
• Boer war

8
A.3 Imperialism

• Colonies were important because
• Source of raw material
• Provided soldiers
• Good for trade
• Strategically useful
• Germany wanted a place in the sun which
• meant she wanted colonies in Africa.
• Boer war between Britain and Boers, 1899.
• Germany sold Boers weapons.

9
Q.4 Nationalism

• Turkish Empire known as ____ ___ __ ______.
• Small countries in Balkans wanted ___________.
• Pan slavism
• 1. Russias interest in Balkans?
• 2. Austria-Hungary concerned because?
• ________ annexed by Austria-Hungary
• Country that benefited most from Balkan Wars?

10
A.4 Nationalism

• Turkish Empire known as sick man of Europe.
• Small countries in Balkans wanted independence.
• Pan-Slavism aimed to unite all Slavs under
• Russian leadership.
• Russia wanted to increase influence in area.
• Wanted warm port.
• Austria-Hungary concerned because ruled over many
  different people and wanted to keep control of
  empire. Hated Russia.
• Serbia.

11
Q.5 Significant Individuals

• Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Black Hand gang

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A.5 Significant individuals

• Kaiser Wilhelm II determined that
• Germany should be a great power. Rather
• unpredictable.
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand much loved
• Austrian heir to throne.
• Black Hand Gang Serbian terrorist group
• living in Bosnia that assassinated Ferdinand.

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Q6. How did assassination lead to war?

• a) Austria gives Serbia an ___________.
• b) Serbia refuses _____ clauses.
• c) Austria declares war on ________.
• d) Russia ____________.
• e) Germany tells _____ to stop. Russia _______.
• f) __________ declares war on Russia.
• g) Germany declares war on _______.
• h) Germany invades ________ so Britain
• declares war on Germany because of the
• ________ __ ________.

14
A.6 How did assassination lead to war?

• a) Austria gives Serbia an ultimatum.
• b) Serbia refuses two clauses.
• c) Austria declares war on Serbia.
• d) Russia mobilises.
• e) Germany tells Russia to stop. Russia refuses.
• f) Germany declares war on Russia.
• g) Germany declares war on France.
• h) Germany invades Belgium so Britain
• declares war on Germany because of Treaty of
• London.

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RECRUITMENT

• British Expeditionary Force too small only
  100,000 men
• Volunteer army
• Pals battalions
• Posters and propaganda
• White Feather campaign
• Conscription
• Conscientious objectors

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How useful Q3

• The source is useful because it is a primary
  source it is a poster from written in 1914, the
  time of the start of WWI which means that it
  gives the viewpoint of the time.
• The author of the poster is British and so its
  not useful because theyre trying to persuade you
  to join up and so theyll make it look less bad
  than it really was.
• It was made by the British government to
  encourage soldiers to
• Its not useful because it doesnt show you the
  conditions of the war such as the trenches.
• However it does show you that the British
  government used posters to try to persuade
  soldiers to join.
• Overall its useful to show the way that the
  british made propaganda, but not for the details
  of the trenches.

17
Why did people join up?

• British Expeditionary Force too small only
  100,000 men
• Volunteer army- Kitchener
• Pals battalions
• Posters and propaganda
• White Feather campaign
• Conscription
• Conscientious objectors

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Q.1

• BEF ____ _____, but too small because
• it only had __________ men.
• A new army of _________ was recruited
• under Lord ___________.
• Over _____ million men volunteered.

19
A.1

• BEF was well-trained but too small
• because it only had 100,000 men.
• A new army of volunteers was recruited
• under Lord Kitchener.
• Over 3.5 million men volunteered

20
Q.2

• Many men were happy to sign up. Reasons
• for this included

21
A.2

• Many men were happy to sign up. Reasons
• for this included
• over by Christmas
• exciting adventure
• 3 hot meals per day
• status and respect

22
Q.3

• The government encouraged men to enlist
• using several methods. They included

23
A.3

• The government encouraged men to enlist
• using several methods. They included
• pals battalions
• posters
• propaganda

24
Q.4

• White Feather Campaign

25
A.4

• White Feather Campaign women would
• give a white feather to men who had
• not joined up as a symbol of cowardice.

26
Q.5

• The Military Service Act in ______
• introduced __________.
• All men between ages of __ and __ had to
• Enlist.

27
A.5

• The Military Service Act in 1916
• introduced conscription.
• All men between ages of 18 and 41 had to
• enlist.

28
Q.6

• Conscientious objectors were men who
• objected to fighting on _______ or _________
• grounds.
• Most were happy to do non-combatant
• duties such as
• Some refused to do anything and were subjected to
  
• imprisonment and _________.

29
A.6

• Conscientious objectors were men who
• objected to fighting on moral or religious
• grounds.
• Most were happy to do non-combatant
• duties such as
• ambulance drivers
• stretcher bearers
• Some refused to do anything and were subjected to
  imprisonment and torture.

30
What were conditions like in the Trenches?

• Both sides dug trenches to protect themselves and
  stop the enemy gaining ground
• front line, support and reserve trench
• linked with communication trenches.
• Life dangerous and uncomfortable
• also often boring.

31
Q.1

• Duties included

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A.1

• Duties included
• filling sandbags
• repairing barbed wire
• sentry duty
• digging toilets
• fetching supplies

33
Q.2

• Soldiers had to put up with

34
A.2

• Soldiers had to put up with
• trench foot
• lice
• rats
• shellshock
• foul smells

35
Q.3

• WW1 was a war of attrition. This means
• _______________________________.
• Soldiers dreaded being ordered to go _____
• ____ _____.

36
A.3

• WW1 was a war of attrition. This means
• wearing down the enemy through loss of
• supplies and men.
• Soldiers dreaded being ordered to go over
• the top.

37
New Technology

• New technology made old methods of
• warfare such as cavalry charge obsolete.
• Industrialisation meant there were many
• new and dangerous weapons.
• Army generals had never fought a war like
• this before.
• New weapons kept men in the trenches

38
Q.1

• There were lots of new weapons such as

39
A.1

• There were lots of new weapons such as
• machine guns
• tanks
• gas
• heavy artillery
• mortars and grenades

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Q.2

• 3 types of gas were ______, _____ _______.
• ________ gas burned the skin , caused internal
  bleeding.
• Heavy artillery used to fire shells over
• a ______ distance.
• Tanks were unreliable because they kept
• ________ ____.

41
A.2

• 3 types of gas chlorine, phosgene, mustard.
• Mustard gas burned the skin and caused
• internal bleeding.
• Heavy artillery was used to fire shells over a
  long distance.
• Killed most soldiers
• Tanks were unreliable because they kept breaking
  down.
• But could make surprise breakthroughs as at
  Cambrai

42
Q.3

• Tanks had some success at the ______
• __ ______.

43
A.3

• Tanks had some success at the ______
• __ ______ in _____.

44
How did the Home Front help win the war

• Government intervened in peoples lives
• Individual freedom reduced
• Defence of Realm Act 1914
• Weapons Production
• Women
• Rationing

45
Q.1. DORA

• DORA was introduced to ________ the country.
• New regulations were introduced such as

46
A.1. DORA

• DORA was introduced to protect the country.
• New regulations were introduced such as
• limited pub opening times
• no photos of military bases
• censorship of newspapers
• owning homing pigeons banned
• no ringing church bells
• beer watered down
• British Summer Time introduced

47
Q.2. WEAPONS PRODUCTION

• _______ __ _________ set up to oversee weapons
  production
• This gave Lloyd George power to

48
A.2 WEAPONS PRODUCTION

• Ministry of Munitions set up to oversee weapons
  production
• Gave Lloyd George power to
• Take control of factories
• set up new government factories
• take over land
• control coal supply
• control railways

49
Q3 Women

• Womens lives changed
• Did mens jobs eg
• ? womens war work helped get the ______.

50
A.3 WOMEN

• Womens lives changed dramatically during WW1.
  With so many men absent, women took over mens
  jobs such as
• Munitionettes
• Womens Land Army
• Armed forces
• Nursing
• It has been argued that womens war work helped
  them get the vote.

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Q.4 Rationing

• Rationing in _____.
• Rationed food products were
• Rationing was caused by _______ attacks.
• The Germans introduced _________ _________
• __________.

52
A.4 Rationing

• Rationing was introduced in 1917.
• Rationed food products were
• sugar
• butter
• tea
• jam
• meat
• Rationing was caused by U boat attacks.
• The Germans introduced unrestricted Sub warfare
• Lusitania

53
How did the German Home Front help them lose the
war?

• British naval blockade
• the Turnip Winter
• 750,000 starved
• Attempts to save food
• Rationing- more serious
• Substitute ersatz
• Nut coffee, potato flour, paper clothes, Haber
  process

54
Q.5 German Home Front

• The naval blockade
• Starved
• Substitutes

55
Q.5 Naval Blockade

• The naval blockade stopped Germany
• importing goods such as
• Crop fertilisers
• coal
• rubber
• cotton
• metals

56
A. 6 The Turnip Winter

• Lack of fertilisers meant Germany had
• ___________.
• Farmers fed their pigs with potatoes and grain
• so ______________.
• Also a meat shortage
• _______ people starved to death.

57
Q. 6 The Turnip Winter

• Lack of fertilisers meant Germany had
• poor harvests.
• Farmers fed their pigs with potatoes and grain
• so they ran out of food for people.
• Also a meat shortage
• 750,000 people starved to death.

58
Q.7 War effort

• By _____ all men between 17 and __ had to do war
  work.
• This resulted in loss of labour in countryside,
  so _____ _________ became worse.

59
Q.7 War effort

• By 1916 all men between 17 and 60 had to do war
  work.
• This resulted in loss of labour in countryside,
  so food shortages became worse.

60
End of War

• USA enters war 1917
• Russia gives up
• Ludendorff offensive

61
Q.8 USA involvement

• German policy of ________ _______________
  damaged USAs shipping.
• On 6th April ____, USA declared war.

62
Q.8 USA involvement

• German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare
  damaged USAs shipping.
• On 6th April 1917, USA declared war.

63
Q.9 Russia surrenders

• revolution inside Russia resulted in
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Surrender of vast amounts of land, economy,
  population
• German re-inforcements on Western Front
• Ludendorff Offensive 1918- nearly reaches Paris

64
Q.9 Russia surrenders

• revolution inside Russia resulted in
• Treaty of
• Surrender of
• German
• Ludendorff Offensive 1918-

65
Q.10 Treaty of Versailles

• Who wanted what? Did they get it?
• France revenge
• Britain trade empire
• USA 14 points (democracy, self determination)
• Germany not asked

66
A.10 Treaty of Versailles

• Who wanted what? Did they get it?
• France
• Britain
• USA
• ________ not asked

67
Q.11 Treaty of Versailles

• 1919
• WAR GUILT
• Reparations - 6.6 billion
• Land lost Alsace, Saar, Silesia, Polish
  corridor
• Army 100,000, navy 6 battleships, no planes,
  tanks, subs
• Colonies shared out

68
A.11 Treaty of Versailles

• When
• WAR ____
• Reparations - ______
• ______ Alsace, Saar, Silesia, Polish corridor
• Army ____, ______,_____,______
• ________ shared out

69
Q.10 League of Nations

• Structure weak or strong?
• Council met x3 year, Assembly x1
• Court of justice
• Secretariat- admin
• Mandates colonies
• ILO, Health , Refugees

70
Q.12 League of Nations

• Purpose?
• 14 points
• Self determination
• Prevent wars
• Collective action everyone working together
• sanctions (no army)

71
A.12 League of Nations

• Purpose? And Methods?
• 14 _____
• Self __________
• Prevent ____
• Collective action
• ________ (no army)

72
Q.13 League of Nations

• Successes and failures?
• Health
• Aaland Islands dispute solved
• Vilna dispute- give in and allow Poland to take
  it from Lithuania
• Corfu- Italians allowed to get away with bullying
  Greeks

73
A.13 League of Nations

• Successes and failures?
• Health
• _____ Islands dispute solved
• Vilna dispute- gave in and allowed _____ to take
  it from ____
• Corfu- Italians .