Sykes-Picot Agreement

1
Sykes-Picot Agreement
Henry McMahon an English commissioner in
Egypt. Sherif Hussein Ibn Ali the leader of
Mecca. Exchanged letters involving armed revolts
against the Ottoman Empire.
The agreement started in November of 1915. It was
created by Sir Mark Sykes and François
Picot.The two countries wanted ports water
supply and control of Turkish aggression.
Britain controlled Jordan and Iraq. While
France controlled Turkey, Syria, and
Lebanon.The area of Palestine was controlled by
Russia.

• It was an agreement that set the boundaries and
  created influence in the Middle-East.
• This agreement involved Britain and France.
• This set the borders of some countries today.

2
UN Resolution 181

• The UN Resolution 181 was approved on November
  29, 1947.
• It was created to resolve the Arab-Israeli
  conflict in the British mandate of Palestine,
  more specifically to give an official Jewish
  state, Arab state, recognition, and peace within
  the region.
• It was approved by the UN General Assembly.

The declaration by the mandatory power plan to
complete its evacuation out of Palestine by
August 1, 1948.
Countries that voted against the
approval Afganistan, Cuba, Egypt, Greece, Yemen,
India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi
Arabia, Syria, and Turkey. The resolution was
accepted by the Jews in Palestine but not the
Arabs state.
Theodor Herzl had proposed the Jewish state at
the first Jewish World Congress and it was
decided that this state was to take shape in
Palestine.
The voting results were 33 votes in favor, 13
votes against, and 10 abstentions.
3
Israel War of Independence
Background Began on May 15th, 1948. Arab
countries invaded the new Jewish state to acquire
territory from Palestine. Arab countries
rejected the partition of Palestine. The
rejection led to long periods of fighting and
ceasefire. The sides of the war Israel vs.
Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Commanders For Israel Yaakov Dori Yigael
Yadin
Commanders For Arab Countries Glubb PashaAbd
Al-Qadir al-husayniHasaan SalamaFawzi
al-Qawugji
Other Important People King Abdullah The leader
of Jordan Hajj Amin al-Husseini- Palestinian
Arab Nationalist and A Muslim religious leader.
He fought against the establishment of a Jewish
state.
Yaakov Dori Was the first Chief of Staff of
the Israeli Defense Forces
The Beginning of the End Jews began expanding
control outside their boundaries. America then
took action and issued an embargo on the Jewish
Region Fighting officially ended after Security
Council threatened to cite the Arab governments
for aggression under the charter. All
countries, except Iraq, signed a peace treaty
with Israel in 1949. In more ways than one,
Israel had won
Glubb Pasha A British soldier Best known for
leading and training Transjordans Arab Legion
This map shows the strategies used by the Arab
countries to invade Israel.
King Abdullah of Jordan
Hajj Almin and his friends
4
Six-Day War
Why did it happen?
What happen during it?

• Arab countries continually refused to
  acknowledge the legitimacy

• Israel seized the west bank from Jordan and Gaza
  from Egypt in 1967 and soon after began building
  settlements there

• Arabs called for the destruction of Israel and
  constant Palestinian attacks on Jewish civilians

Who Won?
How long did it last?

• Israel won over the other countries

• It lasted about six days but was really 5 days
  and 11 hours and 26 minutes

When did it end?
When did it happen?

• It ended on June 10th, 1967

Other names for the war?

• The war started on June 5th, 1967

• June War, The setback, and The War of Attrition

What happen after it?
Who was involved?

• Battles were still fought between Israelis and
  Egyptians troops

• The Palestinians and Israelis were the main
  countries that were involved, there was also
  Jordan, Syria, and Egypt

• The Nixon administration tried to broker a
  cease-fire between the two sides

5
Palestinian Refugees

• Creation of Israel and the War of Independence
  resulted in
• millions of refugees

• All of the Arab members states of the UN voted
  against the 194 resolution because they didnt
  believe the refugees should be able to come back

• Israel thought that everyone has the right to
  leave the country and come back

• Ran out of their homes and displaced to refugee
  camps

• Camps were over crowded and filled with poverty

• Jews are allowed to emigrate to Israel under
  Israels Law of Return even if they didnt have
  ancestors that lived there thousands of years ago

• They were located in Gaza, West Bank, Jordan,
  Lebanon, and Syria

• On the other hand some people that had lived
  there all of their lives and had ancestors that
  went back were forbidden to return

• Over 100,000 Arabs were displaced from their
  villages

Refugee camps today are found in Jordan, Gaza,
West Bank, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and
Egypt

• The Israeli version is that the Palestinians
  attacked the Jews and then fled

• Jordan has the highest amounts of refugees which
  is over a million and Egypt has the lowest with
  under 100,000

• The Palestinian's version is that the Zionists
  attacked them

• Israel was formed to provide refuge to Jews in
  light of the history of persecutions

• Dec.11 1948 the UN resolution was passed in order
  to protect the right of the Palestinian Arab
  refugees

• The Israeli government passed laws and demolished
  many of the refugees villages since then

6
Yasser Arafat, PLO, Mahmoud Abbas
-Born in 1935 in northern Israel -Has a bachelors
in law from Damascus university a PhD in
history from Moscow's oriental college -Fond in
member of the Palestinian National Liberation
Movement -Secretary general of PLO executive
committee -Headed the Palestinian Negotiation
team -March 2003 was appointed as the Prime
minister of Palestinian Authority by Arafat/ Sep.
7, 03 resigned as Prime Minister -After Arafat
died he became the Leader of PLO and still is the
leader
-
-Stands for Palestine Liberation organization
-Formed in 1964 in East Jerusalem -Original
intentions to destroy Israel -1988 PLO announced
it recognized Israel's right to exist -1968 to
2004 its leader was Yasser Arafat -current leader
Mahmoud Abbas

• Born in Cairo, Aug. 24, 1929-Died Nov. 11, 04
• Graduated college with civil engineering degree
  (University of Cairo) while in college he adopted
  the name Yasser easy going in Arabic
• After college served in the Egyptian army as a
  second lieutenant
• The leader of Fatah 1968 became leader of PLO

7
Camp David Peace Treaty
Jennifer Reid William Price
Two agreements -A Framework for Peace in the
Middle East 3 parts -A Framework for the
Conclusion of a Peace Treaty Between Egypt and
Israel.
Background Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt was
willing to come to peace with Israel for the
return of lost territory, Sinai Peninsula in a
war in 1967.
When Israel ignored the offer, Egyptian forces
surprise attacked Israeli forces in the Sinai
Peninsula and Golan Heights on the Jewish holiday
of Yom Kippur in 1973.
1st Agreement Parts
2nd Agreement
1- Framework for negotiations to establish a
self-governing rule authority in West Bank and
the Gaza Strip.
Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to
the possession of Egypt in return for good
relations, freedom of passage through the Suez
Canal, and a restriction on how close Egyptian
forces can be within the border of Israel.
After the war, in 1977 Sadat decided to visit
Jerusalem with the Israeli Prime Minister. As a
result, the Camp David Accords were later signed
in the US at Camp David.
3- Declared principles that should apply to
Israel and its Arab neighbors.
2- Dealt with the Egyptian-Israeli relations
8
First and Second Intifada

• The first started on December 8th 1987 and lasted
  till 1990.

• Refers to a series of violent incidents between
  Palestinians and Jews.

• The Israelis view it to be a terrorist campaign.

• It literally means shaking off but is a
  Palestinian uprising against the Jewish.

• Was about 4,700 deaths. (3,651 Palestinian)
  (1,007 Jewish)

• It marked an end to passive resistance.

• Palestinians ambushed the Israeli army with
  stones many times.

• The second lasted from 2000-2005 but has not
  officially ended.

• Palestinians view this battle as a war of
  national liberation against foreign occupation.

• As Intifada II lasted many new weapons were
  developed.

• The second Intifada was formed as a result of
  the Oslo accords.

9
Hamas
Hezbollah
Leaders of Hezbollah The First leader is Sheik
Hassan

• Played a major role In violent fundamentalist
  subversions
• Radical terrorist operation against Israelis and
  Arabs

• Leaders Continued
• Yasser Taha Was the leader of Hamass Military
  wing and died June 2003 by Israeli Missiles.
• Khaled Mashal One of the highest ranking members
  of Hamas.
• Mahmod Zahar One of the founders of Hamas.
• Ismail Hanigeh is the new leader

• Created in February 1987 by Ahmed Yassin
• Hamas is terrorist group and is recognized by
  many different countries
• Australia, Canada, The U.K. European Union, And
  the U.S

• Leaders of Hamas
• Ahmed Yassin who was the founder And former
  leader of Hamas but was killed March 22, 2004
• Abdel Aziz Rantisi Leader of Hamas in 2004.
• Abdullah Qawasmeh Was a senor official for Hamas.
  Killed June 21, 2003 by Israeli border police

• Hamas is an acronym for (in English ) Islamic
  Resistance movement.
• It is a Palestinian Shia Islamist Organization

10
Oslo Accords

• Officially called the Declaration of Principles
  (DOP)

• Finalized in Oslo, Norway on August 20, 1993

But
Officially signed at a public ceremony in
Washington D.C. on September 13, 1993
Conflict between Israel/Palestine has not been
resolved
Knesset-- the Jews argued about whether to sign
the Accords or not.
Annexes of the Accords Annex 1 Conditions of
Elections Annex 2 Withdrawal of Israeli
Forces Annex 3 Economic cooperation Annex 4
Regional Development
Map of Israel and the Gaza Strip
Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat
during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993
Israeli government recognized PLO as the
representative of the Palestinians
The aim of the Accord was to establish a
government for the Palestinians
PLO recognized the right of the state of Israel
to exist and renounced violence and its desire
for the destruction of Israel
11
Construction of Israeli Security Barrier

• History After suicide bombing in Dophinanium in
  Israel, the government
• decides to build a security barrier around Israel
  and its territories.

• Effects Good Helps avoid attacks from Muslim
  terrorists and gives Israel more security and
  protection
• Bad Palestinians believe boundaries are on
  their land, and Israel the same (West Bank)
  Palestine also looses freedoms to travel
• CAUSES LOTS OF CONTROVERSY!!

• Barrier 3 main fences first 2 fences are made of
  concrete slabs (8m in height and 3m in width)
  last fence has intrusion detection and several
  observation points

• As of now some of fence has been constructed,
  and still being debated over

12
(No Transcript)