Viking Exploration

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Viking Exploration

• 8th Century to the 12th Century A.D
• They Came from Scandinavia and explored parts of
  Europe, Iceland, Greenland, and were the 1st to
  reach the new world.
• Around the year 1000, Leif Eriksson reached what
  we now call Canada.

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Highlights of the 15th and 16th Century
Renaissance

• 1439 Johannes Gutenberg- invents the printing
  press.
• 1492 Christopher Columbus discovers the new
  world.
• - Jews expelled from Spain (Spanish
  Inquisition)
• 1502 -Michelangelo works on the David
• 1503 -De Vinci starts painting the Mona Lisa
• 1564 -William Shakespeare is born
• -Galileo Galilei is born
• 1608- Samuel de Champlain in Quebec- The new
  world is settled for the first time by Europeans

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Modern European Exploration

• Highlights
• 1492- Christopher Columbus sails to the new
  world.
• 1497- John Cabot discovers Canada.
• 1502- Amerigo Vespucci- America was named after
  him.
• 1519- Cortes and the Spanish claim Mexico.
• 1519-1522-Magellan was the first to sail around
  the world.
• 1524- Giovanni de Verrazano sailed along the east
  coast and into New York.
• 1532 -Pizzaro and the Spanish defeat the Inca.

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Christopher Columbus

• Born Christoffa Corombo in Genoa, Italy. Always
  had an interest in reading, maps, and sailing
  from a young age.
• He went to Spain and asked King Ferdinand and
  Queen Isabella for permission to sail for them.
• - He wanted to prove that the world was round.
• - Searched for the western passage to India and
  Asia. Europe had a demand for silks and spices.
• He received 3 ships 1. Nina 2. Pinta 3. Santa
  Maria (the biggest he sailed on it)
• The ships were Caravels- the fastest ships in
  Europe.
• In 1492- Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue. After
  months, he landed in the new world. Named the
  native people there indians because he thought he
  was in India. He actually landed in Hispaniola
  (Haiti) in the bahamas.
• Claimed the land for the king and queen of Spain.
• died in 1506

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John Cabot

• Born Giovanni Caboto in Italy in 1450.
• He wanted to find a faster route to Asia. More
  fishing routes(cod).
• He sailed for King Henry the VII of England out
  of the port of Bristol.
• 1497-Sailed on the Matthew -Discovered
  Newfoundland, 1st modern European in North
  America.
• Claimed the land for the king of England.
• 1498- He disappeared forever.

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LIFE ABOARD SHIP

• Crews worked in four-hour shifts. Their duties
  included pumping bilge, cleaning the deck,
  working the sails, and checking the ropes and
  cargo. When they were off duty, they slept
  anywhere they could find space. The captain
  himself often spent days without sleep. Only the
  captain had private quarters. The sailors' lives
  were hard, and they often died from disease,
  hunger, and thirst. Religion was the central
  focus of their lives. Every day began with
  prayers and hymns and ended with religious
  services in the evenings. The crew received one
  hot meal a day cooked over an open fire in a
  sandbox on deck. Their diet consisted of ship's
  biscuit, pickled or salted meat, dried peas,
  cheese, wine, and fresh-caught fish.
• When the "Niña" left on any of her three voyages
  to the New World, her cargo hold was full of
  provisions, water, armaments. There were live
  animals ranging from horses, cows, pigs, and
  chickens. The four-legged animals were suspended
  in slings as the rolling motion of the vessel
  would have easily broken their legs. Needless to
  say, there was little room below decks for the 27
  or so crew to sleep or cook. Cooking was done in
  a fire box located on decks in the bow of the
  ship. Sleeping was on the deck and was always
  uncomfortable as the ship was so loaded with
  cargo, her decks were always awash. A lucky few
  could sleep on the poop deck or find a coil of
  rope to sleep on to keep them off the deck a foot
  or so.

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Jacques Cartier

• Born in France in 1491. He sailed with Verrazzano
  when he was young and proved that America was a
  huge continent.
• 1534- 1st Voyage for King Francois of France. He
  left St. Malo in search of a western passage to
  Asia and India.
• 1st to discover, sail, and map the St. Lawrence.
  Used the Iroquois name of Kanata on his map.
• Met and befriended the Iroquois. Traded animal
  furs for metal objects.
• Erected a wooden cross with the Fleur-de-lys in
  the name of the king of France.
• Reached the village of Stadacona (Quebec City)
  along the St. Lawrence river and met Chief
  Donacona.
• After angering the chief, Cartier kidnapped his 2
  sons and returned to France as proof of a
  discovery.

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Jacques Cartier (Cont.)

• 1535- 2nd voyage with more ships. Returned the
  sons of the chief, brought gifts, and were
  friends again. Explored the St. Lawrence and
  using small boats because of the rapids, reached
  the village of Hochelaga (Montreal).
• Named the mountain- mont real (mount Royal). At
  the top, he was told of riches on the other side
  in the land of the Saguenay.
• Realized the St. Lawrence was not the passage to
  Asia.
• Stuck in the new world for winter- built a fort
  near Stadacona, upset the chief. Disease of
  Scurvy (lack of vitamins) hit the village and the
  Iroquois blamed the French. Many natives and
  French sailors died. secret native
  medicine-boiling leaves from the white cedar tree
  to make tea cured them.
• Cartier survived the winter and wanted to bring
  Chief Donnacona back to France. After he refused,
  Cartier Kidnapped him and when the natives
  declared war, Cartier got him to calm them down.
• They returned to France and met the King. Cartier
  was granted a 3rd voyage.

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Jacques Cartier (Cont.)

• 1541-3rd Voyage- the hunt for riches, convert the
  natives, and settle the land- not looking for the
  route to Asia. The king chose Jean Francois de la
  Roques de Roberval to lead the expedition.
• Cartier was on another ship and reached the new
  world first. Cartier told the new Chief, Agona,
  that Donacona died in France and thought it
  wouldnt be a good idea to go back to Stadacona.
  He tried to set up the 1st French settlement in
  the new world, and called it Chalesbourg Royal on
  the Cap Rouge river near Stadacona. The Natives
  attacked it for two years until they abandoned
  it.
• 1542- Cartier left for France with what he
  thought was a supply of Gold and Diamonds and
  passed Roberval on the way. Unfortunately, they
  were fake iron pyrite and quartz pieces.
• 1557- Cartier died in St. Malo

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Samuel de Champlain

• Born in Brouage, on the coast of France, in 1567.
  His family had a history as sea captains. He was
  a soldier for France.
• 1603-1st trip to the new world with a fur trader
  to a trading post at Tadoussac. He drew maps and
  kept notes about the algonkian natives and the
  land. He noticed that their canoes were much
  faster than his small boats.
• 1605- Champlain and Mr. de Monts built Port Royal
  (Coast of Nova Scotia) where they stayed for
  three years. It was abandoned in 1607 when they
  said goodbye to their Micmac friends and to de
  Monts Monopoly of the fur trade.
• 1608- July 3rd, built Le Habitation- 1st
  permanent settlement in the New world and the
  capital of New France, later to be Quebec City
  and the Capital of the Province.
• Champlain aided the Huron's in their battles
  against the Iroquois. The Iroquois would become
  mortal enemies of the French.
• In 1629 Champlain suffered the humiliation of
  having to surrender Le Habitation to The Kirke
  brothers and an English fleet, and he himself was
  taken prisoner back to England.
• In 1632, peace had been declared by England and
  France, and the settlement was restored to French
  rule.
• Champlain would return from Europe to spend his
  remaining years in the colony. He became governor
  of New France in 1633.
• On December 25th, 1635, this Father of New France
  and Canada died.

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Le Habitation, 1608
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Map of New France made by Samuel de Champlain in
1612
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Over the years

• New France continued to grow however slowly.
  Settlers founded Trois-Rivières, farther up the
  St. Lawrence, in 1634.
• The farthest outpost of New France for many years
  was Montreal, founded by Paul de Chomedey Sieur
  de Maisonneuve on May 18, 1642.
• -First known as Hochelaga, then Ville-Marie,
  this settlement, one day would become Canada's
  largest city, was begun as a mission post.
• One of the most famous of the leaders who
  accompanied de Chomedey was Jeanne Mance, founder
  of the Hotel-Dieu, the first hospital at
  Ville-Marie.
• Over the next 40 years after Quebec's founding,
  dozens of missionary posts would be built in
  Huron territory. The Huron's were under threat of
  attack from Iroquois tribes dwelling south and
  east of Lake Ontario. In 1648 the Iroquois
  invaded Huron land and wiped out most of the
  Huron's and French missionaries living in the
  territory. The French settlers and Iroquois would
  fight many battles around the outskirts of New
  France.
• England was quick to follow up on its claim to
  the back-door route towards fur country by
  establishing the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670.

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