Aim: What were the aims of LBJ

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Aim What were the aims of LBJs domestic policy?
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Objectives

• Student will be able to list the major events of
  the Johnson administration.
• Student will be to discuss the programs included
  in Johnsons Great Society.

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2. The Great Society

• Lyndon Johnson became the 36th President of the
  United States after the assassination of
  President John Kennedy.
• A year later, Johnson would run for President
  against Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona.
• Johnson won the election in an overwhelming
  majority and took the victory to mean that the
  American people agreed with his ideas.
• A skilled politician who had served in Congress
  for 25 years, Lyndon Johnson moved beyond the New
  Frontier-his program would be called the Great
  Society.

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Question 1

• Who were the candidates in the Election of 1964?

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Election of 1964
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The Great Society
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2.1 Carrying on the Program

• Not long after Kennedys death, President Johnson
  began carrying on his programs.
• At the time of JFKs death, the US Congress
  passed some of his programs. After his death,
  Johnson got more of them passed.
• Johnson declared a war on poverty. Like JFK,
  Johnson made it clear that he would help the poor
  lead and live a better life.
• In August 1964, Johnson gets the Economic
  Opportunity Act passed. Act helps people improve
  job skills and get a better education

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• There were three parts to the Office of Economic
  Opportunity
• (1) The Job Corps trained those who had dropped
  out of high school to develop vocational
  training.
• (2) VISTA (Volunteers In Service To America)
  provided jobs to teachers and social workers in
  low-income areas.
• (3) Operation Head Start provided education to
  children in low income areas.

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Question 2

• What was the purpose of the Economic Opportunity
  Act? What three things did the act provide for
  Americans?

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Programs of the Great Society
Head Start Programs
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• President Johnson also worked to pass JFKs civil
  rights agenda.
• In 1964, the Civil Rights Act made it illegal to
  discriminate in public places. It also made it
  illegal to discriminate in any federally
  sponsored program. Lastly, no person could not be
  refused a job because of race, color, religion or
  sex.
• To investigate any complaints, the act set up the
  Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Question 3

• What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 state?

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2.2 Changing Black Rights Movement

• While the United States government was working to
  help Blacks through laws, the Black Rights
  Movement was changing.
• Many Blacks in the early 1960s felt that the
  civil rights movement was doing little for them.
• Black leaders differed on the way to improve
  conditions.
• Some, like Martin Luther King, organized
  demonstrations.
• In 1963, King led a march on Washington, DC.
  About 200,000 people gathered to hear King speak
  at the Lincoln Memorial.

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• King also led a march from Selma to Montgomery to
  protest discrimination in 1965.
• In 1966, King began a drive for open housing in
  Chicago, Illinois.
• In 1968, he went to Memphis to support a
  sanitation strike. While he was there, he was
  assassinated by James Earl Ray.

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Martin Luther King-March on Washington August 1963
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Selma-to-Montgomery March (1965)
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• Other black leaders called for a more different,
  more radical approach.
• Stokely Carmichael, head of the Student
  Non-Violent Coordinating Committee coined the
  phrase black power.
• Black power became a popular slogan, expressing
  an increased push for full rights-sometimes with
  violence.
• Black power did not mean the same thing to
  everyone. To some, it meant electing more Blacks
  to political office, community activism,
  promoting Black history and encouraging Blacks to
  own businesses.

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Stokely Carmichael
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• To the newly-established Black Muslim community,
  led by Malcolm X, Black power meant creating
  neighborhoods that were all-Black with no Whites
  at all.
• Northern Blacks, influenced by the idea of Black
  power, staged riots in the Black neighborhoods of
  various cities.
• In 1964, there was a riot in Harlem, the major
  Black community of New York.
• In 1965, the worse riot occurred in Watts, the
  major Black neighborhood of Los Angeles.

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• The Watts riots lasted for six days, killed 35
  and injured 800. Businesses were destroyed and
  stores were looted.
• There were riots in Detroit and Newark, as well.
• Johnson established a commission led by Governor
  Otto Kerner of Illinois.
• His report stated that instead of moving towards
  equality, the gap between Whites and Blacks were
  growing wider and wider.

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Black Power
The Black Panthers
Eldridge Cleaver
Bobby Seale
Huey P. Newton
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Nation Of Islam
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Watts Riots
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Question 4

• How did the civil rights movement change in the
  1960s?

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2.3 Mexican-American Rights Movement

• The 1960s were also a time for Mexican Americans
  to demand their rights as well.
• Hispanics made up the second largest majority in
  the United States.
• In the 1950s, the Community Service Organization
  had worked to get Mexican Americans in Los
  Angeles to register to vote.
• The Mexican-American Political Association worked
  to get Mexicans elected to political office.

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• Cesar Chavez was an early leader of the CSO.
• In 1963, Chavez helped organize the National Farm
  Workers Organization. In 1966, this union joined
  the AFL-CIO and became known as the United Farm
  Workers. The union demanded higher pay and better
  working conditions. They used the boycott and
  strike to achieve their goals.
• Other groups were started by Hispanic Americans
  as well. Reies Tijerina started the Alianza, an
  organization devoted to gain back deeds to
  Spanish and Mexican lands lost to the US
  Government.

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• Rodolfo Gonzales formed the Crusade For Justice
  in Colorado.
• Jose Angel Gutierrez established La Raza Unida, a
  Mexican-American political party in Texas.

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Question 5

• What achievements were made by Mexican Americans
  during the Johnson administration?

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Mexican-Americans
Reies Tijerina and La Alianza Hispana
Jose Angel Gutierrez and La Raza Unida
Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers
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2.4 Expanding the Program

• While Blacks and Mexican Americans were making
  progress to improve conditions for their ethnic
  groups, Johnson was looking for ways to expand
  his Great Society Programs.
• Between 1965 and 1968, Johnson was able to get
  many of his measures passed in Congress. Johnson
  is only second to FDR in terms of legislations he
  passed in a three year period.
• He expanded the Great Society to include
  education, civil rights, medical care, housing
  and immigration measures.

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• Johnson gave 1.3 billion dollars to schools in
  low-income areas when they passed the Elementary
  and Secondary School Act of 1965.
• Johnson offered government money in college
  scholarships when they passed the Higher
  Education Act of 1965.

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Question 6

• How was education helped under Johnsons Great
  Society program?

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• Congress also included measures in regards to
  civil rights.
• In 1965, the Voting Rights Act did away with
  literacy tests as a means of deciding who can
  vote in elections. The act also allowed for the
  federal government to register people to vote in
  areas that the local authorities turned away.

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Voting Rights Act (1965)
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• Another big expenditure of the Great Society was
  the government would finance the costs of medical
  care for Americans.
• In 1965, Medicare was added to Social Security.
  This would provide the elderly with money to pay
  for their medical care.
• The same year, Medicaid was included as well.
  Medicaid would give money to help low-income
  families pay for their medical care.

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Medicare and Medicaid
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Question 7

• Which groups of Americans were helped by
  Medicaid? Medicare?

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• To improve housing, the Johnson administration
  established the Department of Housing and Urban
  Development.
• Run by Robert Weaver, the first African American
  cabinet member, HUD established the Model Cities
  Program which gave money to cities for urban
  planning.
• The Open Housing Law of 1968 prevented
  discrimination based on race, creed, color, sex
  or national origin.

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• As President, Johnson wanted to change Americas
  immigration policy.
• Since the end of the war, the quota system of the
  1920s was being replaced by laws to allow
  displaced persons entry into the United States.
• 400,000 displaced persons came to the United
  States from Europe as a result of the political
  changes made between 1945-1964.
• A displaced person is a person who seeks refuge
  for political reasons.

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• Other quotas and laws had been passed since 1952.
• (1) The McCarren-Walter Act allowed for the
  start
• of Asian immigration.
• (2) Puerto Rico became a commonwealth in 1953.
  Puerto Rico has a local government, Puerto Ricans
  do not pay federal taxes and most
  importantly-Puerto Rico is not the 51st state in
  the United States.
• (3) Hungary, in 1956, tried to overthrow the
  Soviet government and military. They failed,
  however, 20,000 refugees entered the United
  States soon after,

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• Johnson favored an open immigration policy.
• In 1965, he passed an immigration law that still
  favored Western and Northern European (Eastern
  Hemisphere) immigration (170,000), but
  established open immigration in the Western
  Hemisphere-120,000 people.
• Most important, no quotas were established on any
  one group of immigrants.

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Asian Immigration
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Immigration Graph
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Immigration Graph 2
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Immigration Graph 3