HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

1
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

• ???
• ???? ??????????
• ???????????

2
1861 Louis Pasteur introduced the terms aerobic
and anaerobic in describing the growth of yeast
at the expense of sugar in the presence or
absence of oxygen. Reference 1.  Pasteur, L.
"Animalcules infusoires vivant sans gaz oxygene
libre et determinant des fermentations." Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 52344-347, 1861
1995. Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, Claire
Fraser, and colleagues at TIGR elucidate the
first complete genome sequence of a microorganism
- Haemophilus influenza.
3
http//www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Diverse/sc
ientific.htm
???? 1637 ????(15871663)
???(1586-1642)
????(1830) ???(1768-1831)
?????????1518-1593)
4
???????????
Molecular structure of protein by Linus Paulin
1954
???? General Relativity 1915
1890, Thomson Rutherford
1800, ???
????(1830)
4
???, 1822-1895,
5
Cell theory
Micrographia 1664
It takes 190 years
6
???????????!!!!
???????,?????????????????????,????????????
os ??????
http//uk.geocities.com/alfredcavekimo/Paper17.htm
l
7
???1800??,?????????????1850??,??????????
8
1. ????????

• ???? ?????????????
• ????????
• ?????????

9
2. ??????????

• ??????????(??)
• ???????
• ????????
• ????????
• ?????????

• ???????????????? (??)
• ????????????
• ?????
• ?????
• ?????????

????????????????2012
10
??????????????????

• ??????????????
• ???????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ?????????????????????

11
?????????
12
To Make a Van Leeuwenhoek Microscope Replica (1
lens) by Alan Shinn
Van Leeuwenhoek
http//www.mindspring.com/7Ealshinn/Leeuwenhoekpl
ans.html
Van Leeuwenhoek was a minor city official who
built microscopes as a hobby. He became probably
the best microscope builder in Europe, a people
traveled long distances to look through his
instruments, although he kept his construction
methods secret. Comment by TD Brock (1961)
13

• Leeuwenhoeck was proud of his white teeth - he
  rubbed them with salt, picked with a toothpick
  and rubbed again.
• I took a very little wine-vinegar and mixt it
  with the water in which the scurf was dissolved,
  whereupon the animals dyed presently. From hence
  I conclude, that the vinegar with I washt my
  teeth, killd only those animals which were on
  the outside of the scurf, but did not pass thro
  the whole substance of it. Sep. 17, 1683
  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal society
  of London 14 (159) 568-574

?? ???????????????????
14
??????????, ??????????? ?1683?1861? 198????
15
???????
?

• ?????????!
• ??????
• ????????????
• ???????????
• Thomas Moffet (1553-1604) ???????????????
• Jan Baptista van Helmont (1577-1644)
  ?????????????,??????????????????????

16
?
??????????????? (1668?)
Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl' Insetti
(p. 187) where Francesco Redi published a
description of the experiment in 1668.
Francesco Redi (1626 1697) http//ihm.nlm.nih.gov
/images/B21503
17
?
Levine, Russell and Evers, Chris. The Slow Death
of Spontaneous Generation (1668-1859).http//www.
accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/Spontaneous_Generation.
html
pc.maricopa.edu
Redi ????????????????????????????Aron
????????????????????????????????????????????????,?
??????????????,????????????????,??????????????????
?????????????,????????
18
??????
?
1668 Francesco Redi ?????????????????
1745 John Needham ???????,??,?????,????????????????????
1768 Lazzaro Spallanzani ??Needham??????????,?????????
1859 Louis Pasteur ?????????????????
1877 John Tyndall ???????????(??)????
19
?
???1859?
20
Pasteur's own drawings of the swan-necked flasks
L. Pasteur at "scientific evening" of the
Sorbonne University in Paris

• " And I wait, I watch, I question it!-begging it
  to recommence for me the beautiful spectacle of
  the first creation. But it is dumb, dumb since
  these experiments were begun several years ago
  it is dumb because I have kept it from the only
  thing the human mind does not know how to
  produce from the germs which float in the air,
  from Life, for life is a germ and a germ is life.
• ???,???,????!??????????????????????,??????????????
  ??????????,????????????????????????????????,?????
  ?????????,???????(????????)

21
?
?????????????????
Jonathan M. Metzl Joel D. Howell (2004) Making
history Lessons from the great moments series
of pharmaceutical advertisements. Academic
Medicine 79, (11) 1027-1032.
22
?
??????????

• ???????????????????,??????,??????????????
  ??????????,??????????????????????(??????)
  ????????????????????????

23
1859?????????

• ?????????
• ????????,???????
• ??????

??!
???????! ???????!
24
1683????????, ????????????????

• The earliest reports of dehydrating diarrhea were
  recorded in Sanskrit (??), predating Christ.
• Hippocrates reported the symptoms of cholera.
• The epidemic cholera was originally largely
  isolated to India, and outbreaks occurred after
  pilgrimages to the Ganges River, in regular
  cyclic fashion.
• The first modern reporting of epidemic cholera
  was from Garcia del Huerto, a Portuguese
  physician working in Gao, India. Yet, no primary
  source of V. cholerae has been determined that
  time.

http//info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/9
9TermPapers/ChoTox/history.html
25

The first outbreak of Asiatic cholera in Britain
was at Sunderland on the Durham coast during the
Autumn of 1831. From there the disease made its
way northward into Scotland and southward toward
London. Before it had run its course it claimed
52,000 lives.
http//65.107.211.206/health/health10.html http//
www.victorianweb.org/science/health/health10.html
26
????????,????? ?? ??,??????????,????????????,???
????1864-1866 ????????,???????????????????,???????
1865?9????????????????????????????????????,???????
?????????,?????????????????????????,?????? (??)
?????????????????????????????,??????????,????,???
????....????????

• ????????????,p18?1865 ? 9 ? ?????????
• ????http//65.107.211.206/health/health10.html?A
  doctor recalled cholera was something
  outlandish, unknown, monstrous its tremendous
  ravages, so long foreseen and feared, so little
  to be explained,.....?

1865?6-7? ????????????? ??? ????????????????
27
Sir Luke Fildes's popular masterpiece, The Doctor
was commissioned by Henry Tate in 1887. Fildes
eldest son, Phillip died Christmas morning, 1877.
He was attended by Dr. Murray, who impressed
Fildes greatly with his care and attention to his
dying child. The painting has a happier ending
than real life did, as the child has survived
through the night and dawn is breaking.
??????????????
http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileThe_Doctor_
Luke_Fildes.jpg
For lecture only , BC Yang
28

• "Health by the Numbers
• ????

• In 1849 Snow proposed that the "Cholera Poison"
  reproduced in the human body and was spread
  through the contamination of food or water.
  Although he was awarded for this work, without
  the technology and knowledge that we have today,
  Snow had no way to prove his theory.

For lecture only , BC Yang
29
Father of epidemiology John Snow 1813-1859
http//www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/broadstreetpump.ht
ml http//www.cvm.uiuc.edu/courses/VP350/cholera/c
holera.html ??????? http//www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/sn
ow.html

• Dr Snow took a sample of water from the pump,
  and, on examining it under a microscope, found
  that it contained "white, flocculent particles."
  By 7 September (1849), he was convinced that
  these were the source of infection, and he took
  his findings to the Board of Guardians of St
  James's Parish, in whose parish the pump fell.
• Though they were reluctant to believe him, they
  agreed to remove the pump handle as an
  experiment. When they did so, the spread of
  cholera dramatically stopped. actually the
  outbreak had already lessened for several days

For lecture only , BC Yang
30

• Health by the Numbers
• ???

In 1855 William Farr observed that users of
Lambeth Water Company water, taken upstream of
London, had 1/10 the death rate of users of other
water suppliers, who drew their water from the
polluted river downtown. Farr concluded that
sewage-contaminated water caused cholera. Public
health measures slowly followed, but not before
cholera took the life of Louis Pasteur's infant
daughter, Camille.

• http//www.cvm.uiuc.edu/courses/VP350/cholera/chol
  era.html
• http//www.cvm.uiuc.edu/courses/vp350/vp350.html
• http//www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/farr.html

For lecture only , BC Yang
31
??????????????!
Ignac Semmelweis a native of Hungary
In 1844, Semmelweis was appointed assistant
lecturer in the First Obstetric Division of the
Vienna Lying-In Hospital, the division in which
medical students received their training. He was
appalled by the division's high mortality rate
from puerperal fever 16 of all women giving
birth in the years 18411843. In contrast, in the
Second Division, where midwives or midwifery
students did the deliveries, the mortality rate
from the fever was much lower, at about 2.
Semmelweis also noted that puerperal sepsis was
rare in women who gave birth before arriving at
the hospital
http//general-anaesthesia.com/images/ignaz-semmel
weis.html
Sinclair WJ. Semmelweis his life and his
doctrine. Manchester Manchester University
Press,1909.
32
It is always hard for anyone to admit they are
wrong. "Okay, so I was wrong about the Cubs
winning the pennant." Not so hard to admit. But
if the item is central to your profession, and
admitting it not only questions your judgment but
implicates you, although at the time unknowingly,
in the many deaths your error has caused, that is
a little harder to swallow. Obviously, many
would, and did, deny the error rather than face
the upset.
The Doctors' Plague by Sherwin B. Nuland
Semmelweis wrote a series of open letters to
his former professors, accusing them rightly,
as it turned out of being medical Neros and
murderers. (?????)
33

• 1866?,???(Joseph Lister , 1827-1912)??????????????
  ???????,???????????????,????????????

Carbolic acid, phenol
34
???????

• ???????????????????????
• ????????????????
• (Putrefaction is caused by microbes.)
• ???????????,???????????
• (Wound sepsis is a form of putrefaction.)
• ? ?????????,??????????
• (Wound sepsis is caused by microbes.)

35
???????? NOTE BY SIR JAMES SIMPSON HOSPITALISM
1867
????? p439

• ????? 300 ??????????? 41.
• ?????????? 11.
• ?? ???? 60.
• ??? ???? 46.
• ???? ???? 34.
• ??????? ???? 34.
• ???? ???? 26.
• ???? ???? 24.

?????????,???????46,?????15????????,????????????
?(?) ?
36
?????

• Samuel Gross 1805-1884 American surgeon, teacher
  of medicine, and author of an influential
  textbook on surgery and a widely read treatise on
  pathological anatomy (He still did the job in
  traditional way.).
• ???? King college ??????????10-20 ?

The Gross Clinic (by Eakins, Thomas) 1875 Oil on
canvas (96 x 78 in). Jefferson Medical College of
Thomas, Jefferson University, Philadelphia
37
????????????
38
????(??)????????!!
The missing piece of mystery the last hit

• Robert Koch made the actual discovery of the
  bacteria that causes cholera in 1876.
• 6 bacterial pathogens in wound infection in 1878.
• Specifically in 1884, Koch isolated Vibrio
  cholera from the polluted Elbe River in Germany.

Robert Koch,1843-1910, Germany
39
Innocent or Murder? Who is to be blamed? Not
decided. Until

• Kochs postulates
• Suspected pathogen must be present
• Pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure
  culture
• Cultured pathogen must cause the disease
• Same pathogen must be re-isolated from the subject

40
http//www.charite.de/history/de/

• Mitten in der Arbeit über die Tuberkulose wurde
  Koch mit der Führung einer Kommission beauftragt,
  die im Sommer 1883 in Ägypten ausgebrochenen
  Cholera untersuchen sollte. Koch und seinen
  Mitarbeitern gelang es, in Ägypten und später in
  Indien, den Choleraerreger nachzuweisen und zu
  beschreiben.
• Im April 1885 wechselte Koch, nachdem er einen
  Ruf nach Leipzig abgejehnt hatte, vom
  Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamt zur Berliner
  Universität über, wo er als Geheimer Medizinalrat
  und Ordentlicher Professor Direktor des
  Hygiene-Instituts wurde.

41
Tetanus
???????????
42
By Robert Kock
In Britain the decline of T.B. was continuous for
over 100 years before the introduction of the
vaccine.  The Dept of Health has, surprisingly,
decided that routine BCG vaccination will be
phased out in the 1990s.  As T.B. deaths are now
around 400 per year, the Dept may have a problem
with claiming that the climb down is due to
eradication.
http//www.health.org.nz/tb.html
43
(No Transcript)
44
??????????
? ??
1875 ??????????
1881 ???????????????
1888 ???????(Staphylococcus aureus)??????????
1889 ????????(Vibrio rugula)
1893 ???????????(spirochetes)
1896 ??????????????
1906 ?????????????
1908 ???Bacillus(Escherichea)coli??????
1916 ??????????????
1917 ????????????,????????
1921 ????????S. regaudi(H. felis)
1924 ?????????
? ??
1925 ????B. Hoffmani??????????
1930 ???????????????????
1938 ???????????????
1940 ?????????????????
1940 ??????????,??????
1954 1,180??????????????????(Hematoxylin and Eosin stain),?????
1975 ?????????-???????(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
1983 ?????????????Campylobacter (Helicobacter) pylori
1983 ?????????(H. pylori)
19851987 ?????????????H. pylori????
1989 ??????(Helicobacter pylori)
45
??????????

• ?(??)?????????????????,????????????????????,?????
  ????????????????,????????????????????,??????100???
  ??????????,??????????????,??????????1???????????
  ,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????
  ?????????,????????????,??????????????????????Papa
  dimitriou?????????????????,?????,?????????
• Warren J.R., 2002. The discovery of Helicobacter
  pylori in Perth, Western Australia. In Marshall
  Barry J. 2002. Helicobacter pioneers firsthand
  accounts from the scientists who discovered
  Helicobacters, 1892-1982. Oxford Blackwell, pp.
  157. ???,?????

46
2. ??????????

• ??????????(??)
• ???????
• ????????
• ????????
• ?????????

• ???????????????? (??)
• ????????????
• ?????
• ?????
• ?????????

????????????????2012
47
??????,??

• ???????,???????,????,?????????????,????,????????,?
  ?????,?????????????
• ????,???????,????????,?????,????,???
• ???,???,??????????,???????,????????????????,?????
  ????????

??17?(1837?)(?????)
??4?(1878) (????)
1918?(????)
??????????????????????small pox,?????(for
free)??,???????????????????????Cho-Yun Hsu,
1973, I-Lan in the first half of the 19th
century. ?????,?????(33)51-71
48
?????????
49
???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???
???? ??? ????????,?? (??)?????????,????,???????,?
????????????????,?????????................?????,??
???????,??????????,????????,????,????......
????????????????, ????, ?????, 1997 p76
(????????)
50
????????????????????????,??????????????,??????????
???,??????,???????????

• ???????,???,????????????????????1896?,????????????
  ????????????????,??????????,??????????????????
  (Yersinia pestis)???12?,??????????????????????????
  ???????,???????,??????????????????Y.
  pestis??????????,?????????
• ??????????1917?????,22??????,?????????????????30,1
  01?,?? 24,104???,?????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????,??????????????????
• ????????????,????????????????????????????????,????
  ???????????????Emil Adolf von Behring
  (1854-1917)?1890???? (Robert Koch)
  ????????????????,????????????

????????????????2012
51
?????????????
????
52
  ????? ?????? ??????????
?????? 210? 235? 890?
?? 83? 108? 391?
?? 127? 127? 599?/499?
??? () 60.48 54.04 67.3/56.06
?????????????????????,??????????????,?????????????
??????????????????????????(????????????????)??????
,????????????????????,??????????????????????????,?
??????????????,?????????,???????????????????
53
?????????????????????(???)?

• ???? (1857-1929) ?????????,?????????,?????????????
  ??????????????????????????????,????????1898 ? 2
  ???????????????????,1907 ?????????????,???????????
  ???????(???????????)?????(1917-1928)?????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????,???????????
  ????,????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????? (1898-1906),?????????,??????????????
  ??????????????????????????(1902)?,???????????

????
?????
http//www.tcfsh.tc.edu.tw/contest/A5xA4A4A4B
DB6E9/C-4-3.htm http//members.shaw.ca/aifeichen
/mainp6c.htm
54
??????

• ?????
• 1661 200,000
• ????
• 1811 2,002,861
• 1895 2,545,731
• ??????
• 1896 2,587,688 (????10,584)
• 1905 3,123,302
• 1920 3,655,308
• 1930 4,594,061
• 1945 6,000,000

???????, ????, ?????, 1997 p67