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Cell Respiration

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Title: Cell Respiration


1
Cell Respiration
Chapter 9
2
Why Respire?
  • Living cells require energy transfusions to
    perform most of their tasks
  • From external sources
  • Assembling polymers
  • (what is the general reaction called?)
  • Pumping substances across their gradient
  • (what is the generic reference for this process?
    Where did we see this in Lab 1?)
  • Moving

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4
Notes on Previous Slide
  • Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight
  • Leaves as heat
  • Why cant energy just be created?
  • Which Law of Thermodynamics helps explain this
    flow?
  • Essential chemical elements of life are recycled
  • Photosynthesis (plants) make Oxygen and Sugars
  • Cellular respiration take oxygen and sugars, make
    CO2 and H2O energy
  • The products of respiration (CO2 and H2O) are the
    raw materials of photosynthesis

5
Cellular Respiration
  • Cellular respiration is catabolic
  • Catabolic processes are exergonic
  • Energy release from glucose is used to
    phosphorylate ADP ? ATP
  • So cellular respiration burns fuels and uses the
    energy to regenerate ATP
  • Life processes constantly consume ATP

6
Respiration Overall
  • Food ? Glucose ? NADH ? ATP
  • Glycolysis ? Pyruvate Oxidation ? Krebs
    Cycle ? Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Cytoplasm ? Mitochondrion ? Matrix ? Inner
    Mitochondrial Membrane

7
2 Respiration Pathways
  • Cell Respiration
  • Called Aerobic Respiration
  • Requires Oxygen
  • Generates 36 or 38 ATP per glucose
  • Fermentation
  • Called Anaerobic Respiration
  • Oxygen NOT needed
  • Ethanol or Lactic Acid forms
  • Generates 2 ATP per glucose

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10
3 Stages of Respiration
  • Glycolysis
  • Decomposes glucose
  • 6-Carbon to 2 (3-Carbon molecules)
  • Occurs in cytosol
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Continues decomposing 2-Carbon into CO2
  • Mitochondrial matrix
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • ETC Chemiosmosis
  • Powered by redox rxns
  • Method of ATP synthesis
  • Across inner mitochondrial membrane

11
Cellular Respiration
12
Questions
  • Is respiration exergonic or endergonic? Why?
  • Is fermentation exergonic or endergonic? Why?
  • Does respiration require enzymes?
  • What are the 2 catabolic pathways?
  • How do they differ?

13
Questions (Page 2)
  • What are the 4 parts of cellular respiration?
  • Which of the parts produce ATP?
  • Which of the parts produce NADH?
  • Which part(s) of cellular respiration require
    oxygen?

14
Glycolysis
  • Splitting of glucose
  • Cytosol (cytoplasm)
  • 6-Carbon molecule ? 2 (3-Carbon molecules)
  • 2 Phases
  • Energy Investment (Consumes 2 ATP)
  • Energy Payoff (Produces 4 ATP)

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17
Pyruvate Oxidation
  • Pyruvate ? Acetyl CoA
  • 3-Carbon ? 2-Carbon
  • Needs to get into the mitochondrion
  • Transport protein
  • Produces
  • NADH or FADH2
  • CO2

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19
Citric Acid Cycle
  • Called Krebs Cycle OR TricarboxylicAcic Cycle
    (TCA)
  • Mitochondria
  • Produces
  • CO2
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • ATP (Actually GTP ? ATP)

20
Questions
  • What is Glycolysis?
  • What is produced in Glycolysis?
  • Where does Glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?
  • Where does it occur in a prokaryotic cell?

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23
Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • 2 Parts
  • Electron Transport Chain
  • Chemiosmosis
  • Electron Transport Chain
  • Embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane
  • Pumps Protons out of the matrix into the
    intermembrane space
  • Establishes electrochemical gradient
  • Chemiosmosis
  • ATP Synthase makes ATP

24
A Different Perspective
  • Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle
  • Redox rxns
  • Decompose glucose into CO2
  • Transfers electrons from Glucose to NAD (NADH is
    formed)
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Accepts electrons from NADH and uses them to
    drive ATP synthesis
  • Series of steps
  • O2 is the final electron acceptor, forms H2O

25
Questions
  • What are the 4 Parts of Cellular Respiration?
  • What is the purpose of Pyruvate Oxidation?
  • What is produced in Pyruvate Oxidation?
  • For each glucose, how many pyruvate oxidations
    occur?

26
Questions (Page 2)
  • Where does the TCA cycle occur in a eukaryotic
    cell?
  • Where does it occur in a prokaryotic cell?
  • What are the 2 alternate names for the TCA cycle?

27
Questions (Page 3)
  • For each glucose, how many turns of the TCA cycle
    occur?
  • Each turn of the TCA cycle produces how much
  • CO2?
  • ATP?
  • NADH?
  • FADH2?

28
Fermentation
  • 2 Forms
  • Lactic Acid fermentation (2 ATP)
  • Alcoholic fermentation (2 ATP 2 CO2)
  • Glycolysis 1 extra step (Recycles NAD)
  • Does NOT require oxygen

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32
Fermentation
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation
  • 3-Carbon ? 3-Carbon
  • 3-carbon Lactate or Lactic acid (What
    functional group?)
  • Muscles
  • Alcoholic Fermentation
  • 3-Carbon ? 2-Carbon
  • 2-Carbon Ethanol (What functional group?)
  • CO2
  • Beer or wine

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