Human Geography Unit 2

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Human GeographyUnit 2
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World PopulationChapter 4 Section 1
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World PopulationChapter 4 Section 1

• Demography - The study of populations, and the
  use statistics to learn about population growth.
• The current world population is approximately 6.5
  billion people.
• Scientists believe that the population will reach
  9 billion by 2050.

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Demographic Transition Model
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Factors that affect a regions population
increase and decrease

• Birth Rate the number of births per year for
  every 1,000 people
• Death Rate the number of deaths per year for
  every 1,000 people
• Migration the movement of people from place to
  place.

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Challenges to Population Growth

• Positive Effects
• Increase in the levels of technology and
  creativity.
• Boost in agricultural productivity
• Fertilizers improve crops
• Irrigation helps to increase the amount of
  farmable land.
• Negative Effects
• Shortage of resources (water, housing and
  clothing)
• Uneven distribution of the Worlds population

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• Most industrialized countries experience ZERO
  population growth.
• Death rate is generally lower in countries with
  high development.

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Population Distribution

• Population Distribution - the pattern of human
  settlement.
• Europe and Asia are the most densely populated
  continents.
• Asia alone contains 60 percent of the worlds
  people.
• Metropolitan areas cities and their surrounding
  urbanized areas.

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• Population Density The number of people living
  on a square mile of land.
• Determined by the total population divided by the
  total land area.
• Urbanization the movement of people from rural
  areas to cities.
• Patterns of movement
• 1- City to City
• 2- City to suburbs
• 3- Rural Villages to Cities
• 4- Country to Country
• Primary cause for urbanization is the desire of
  rural people to find jobs and better living.

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Global CulturesChapter 4 Section 2
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Elements of Culture

• Culture way of life of a group of people who
  share similar beliefs and customs.
• Language key element in a cultures development.
• Dialect a local form of a language that differs
  from the main language.

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• Religion a set of beliefs in an ultimate
  reality and a set of practices used to express
  those beliefs.
• Affects life in several ways
• 1- differences can cause conflict
• 2- practices of moral values and celebration of
  holidays and festivals
• 3- shapes cultural expression
• music, paintings, and architecture

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• Social Groups
• Family is the most important social group in ALL
  cultures.
• Most cultures are made up of social classes
  groups of people ranked according to ancestry,
  wealth, education, or other criteria.
• Ethnic Group is made up of people who share a
  common language, history, place of origin, or a
  combination of these elements

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• Government maintains order within the country,
  provides protection from outside dangers, and
  supplies other services to its people.
• Organized by the levels of power and by the type
  of authority.
• Economy the way people produce, obtain, use,
  and sell goods and services

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Cultural Change

• Earth is divided into ten culture regions
• United States and Canada
• Latin America
• Europe
• Russia
• North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia
• Africa south of the Sahara
• South Asia
• Southeast Asia
• East Asia
• Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica

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• Factors that create change in cultures are
  Trade, migration, war, inventions, and
  innovations
• The spreading of these new ideas and changes is
  called Cultural diffusion.
• Examples
• Agricultural Revolution shift from hunting and
  gathering food to producing food.
• Industrial Revolution rapid major change due to
  power driven machines.

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• Cultural Hearths Early centers of civilization
  whose ideas spread to surrounding areas.
• Located in Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China, and
  Mexico.
• Elements that promoted growth and success of
  culture hearths
• 1 All emerged from farming
• 2 Settled in mild climates
• 3 Settled on fertile land
• 4 Located near major rivers or source of water

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Political and Economic SystemsChapter 4 Section 3
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• There are nearly 200 independent nations
  (countries) in the world.
• Most countries have a central/national government
  and smaller internal government (state
  governments).
• Unitary System All key power comes from the
  central government.
• Federal System Government divides power between
  national and state governments.
• Confederation Union of independent territories.

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Types of Governments

• Autocracy Power and authority to rule is given
  to one person.
• The oldest and most common forms of government.
• Leaders under this form the government gain power
  by inheritance or military power.
• Totalitarian Dictatorship Decisions of a single
  leader determine government policies.
• Example Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin
• Monarchy King or Queen
• Example Queen Elizabeth

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• Oligarchy When a small group holds power.
• Leaders gain power by obtaining wealth, military
  power, social position, or a combination of these
  elements.
• May give the illusion of giving the power to the
  people
• Example Communist government of China

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• Democracy a system of government in which the
  leaders rule with the consent of the citizens.
• Root of democracy comes from the Greek word demos
  meaning The People and kratia meaning rule
• The key idea is that people hold sovereign power.
• Direct Democracy Citizens themselves decide on
  the issues.
• No country today participates in this form of
  government.
• Representative Democracy People elect
  representatives with the responsibility and power
  to make the laws and conduct government.
• Republic Where voters elect all major officials.

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Economic Systems

• All Economies must make THREE basic decisions
• 1 - What and how many goods and services should
  be produced.
• 2 - How should they be produced.
• 3 Who gets the goods that are produced.
• Traditional Economy
• Habit and custom determine the rules for all
  economic activity.
• Individuals are NOT free to make decisions but
  behavior is defined by their elders and
  ancestors.

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• Market Economy
• Individual and private groups make decisions
  about what to produce.
• Depends on consumers and businesses.
• Based on free enterprise the idea that private
  individuals or groups have the right to own
  property or businesses and make a profit with
  only limited government influence
• Another name for a market economy is Capitalism.
• No Country in the world is a pure market economy.
• Mixed Economy government supports and regulates
  free enterprise.

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• Command Economy
• The government owns or directs the means of
  production
• Goods and services are distributed by the
  government.
• Command economies are usually called socialism or
  communism depending on the amount of government
  control.
• Communism Strict government control of almost
  the entire society.
• Socialism allows a wider range of free
  enterprise.

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Resources and Economic DevelopmentChapter 4
Section 4
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• Natural Resources Elements from the Earth that
  are not made by people but can be used by them
  for food, fuel, or other necessities.
• Renewable Resources can be replaced naturally or
  grown again in a relatively short amount of time.
• Examples sun, wind, water, forests, and animal
  life
• Non-renewable Resources resources that cannot
  be replaced.
• Examples minerals and fossil fuels
• Most natural resources are not evenly distributed
  around the world, which affects the global economy

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• Geographers classify all of the worlds economic
  activities into four categories
• Primary activities the taking and using of
  natural resources directly from the Earth.
• Examples Farming, grazing, fishing, mining.
• Secondary activities the use of raw materials
  to produce something new and more valuable.
• Examples Manufacturing of automobiles,
  assembling electronic goods, producing electric
  power, and making pottery.

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• Tertiary Activities that provide services to
  people and businesses. They do not involve the
  direct acquiring and remaking of natural
  resources.
• Examples Doctors, Teachers, Lawyers, Bankers,
  Truck drivers, etc.
• Quaternary Activities are concerned with the
  processing, management, and distribution of
  information. (People performing their jobs)
• Examples White collar professionals working in
  education, government, business, etc.
• Events such as industrialization help influence a
  countrys level of development.
• Developed countries, such as the USA, mostly
  participate in Tertiary and Quaternary.

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People and the Environment

• Pollution the release of unclean or toxic
  elements into the air, water, and land.
• Three basic forms of pollution
• Land
• Chemical wastes, radioactive waste, and toxic
  runoff.
• Water
• Oil spills, chemical waste, fertilizers and
  pesticides.
• Air
• Burning of fossil fuels, acidic chemicals, and
  acid rain.