Title: Reconstruction (1865-1876)
1Reconstruction (1863-1877)
Adapted from original slide show by Ms. Susan M.
Pojer, Horace Greeley HS, Chappaqua, NY
2Key Questions
1. How do webring the Southback into the Union?
3. What branchof governmentshould controlthe
process ofReconstruction?
2. How do weintegrate andprotect
newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?
3Wartime Reconstruction
4President Lincolns Plan
- 10 Plan
- 1864 Lincoln Governments formed
in LA, TN, AR.
5Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
- Required 50 of the number of 1860 registered
voters to take an ironclad oath of allegiance
(swearing they had never voluntarily aided the
rebellion). - Required a state constitutional convention before
the election of state officials.
SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH)
Rep.HenryW. Davis(R-MD)
6Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
- Ironclad Oath.
- State Suicide Theory.
- Conquered Provinces Position.
PocketVeto
PresidentLincoln
Wade-DavisBill
7Freedmens Bureau (March 1865)
- Many former northern abolitionists risked their
lives to help southern freedmen.
- Called carpetbaggers by white southern
Democrats.
8Freedmens Bureau School
9Presidential Reconstruction
10President Andrew Johnson
- Jacksonian Democrat.
- Anti-Aristocrat.
- White Supremacist.
- Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally
left the Union.
Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous
aristocrats, their masters!
11President Johnsons Plan (10)
- Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and
those with property over 20,000 (they could
apply directly to Johnson) - In new constitutions, they must accept
minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession
and state debts. - Named provisional governors in Confederate
states called them to oversee elections for
constitutional conventions.
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought back
to political power to control state organizations.
EFFECTS?
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South.
12Growing Northern Alarm!
- Many Southern state constitutions fell short of
minimum requirements.
- Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.
- Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
13Black Codes
- Purpose
- Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks
were emancipated. - Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race
relations. - Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers
tenant farmers.
14Congress Breaks with the President
- Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates.
- Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.
- February 1866 Johnsonvetoes the
FreedmensBureau bill. - March 1866 Johnsonvetoes the 1866 Civil Rights
Act. - Congress passes both bills over Johnsons
vetoes 2nd 3rd ever!!
15The 1866 Election
- A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
- Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour
around the country to push his plan. - Republicanswon a 3-1majority in bothhouses
andgained controlof everynorthern state.
16Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction
17Military Reconstruction Act
18Reconstruction Acts of 1867
- Military Reconstruction Act
- Command of the Army Act
- Tenure of Office Act
19The Tenure of Office Act
- The Senate must approve any presidential
dismissal of a cabinet official or general of the
army. - Designed to protect radical members of Lincolns
government. - Unconstitutional (Supreme Court finally says
so in 1920).
Edwin Stanton
20President Johnsons Impeachment
- Johnson removed Stanton in February 1868.
- Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. - The House impeached him on February 24
before even
drawing up the
charges, by a
vote of 126 47.
21The Senate Trial
- Johnson acquitted, 19 nay - 35 yea (one
short of 2/3 required).
2214th Amendment
- Ratified July, 1868.
- Provides a constitutional guarantee of the rights
and citizenship of freed people. (Overturns Dred
Scott decision.) - Insures against Confederate political power.
- Repudiates debts of the Confederacy.
- Makes Federal Bill of Rights binding on states.
- Southern states would be punished for denying the
rights of black citizens!
23Sharecropping Replaces Slavery
24Sharecropping
25Interesting Coincidence . . . Dots represent
cotton production in 1860. Colors represent
votes in 2008 election.
http//strangemaps.wordpress.com/2008/11/15/330-fr
om-pickin-cotton-to-pickin-presidents/
26Tenancy the Crop Lien System
Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner
Lends tools and seed to tenant farmer (at up to 60 interest) to plant spring crop. Sells food, clothing, and other necessities to farmer on credit until the harvest. Holds lien mortgage on part of tenants future crop as payment of debt. Plants crop in spring, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to 50 of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for a percentage of tenant farmers future crop.
27(No Transcript)
28 Grant's First Term
29Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Republican Southern Strategy
301868 Presidential Election
31Blacks in Southern Politics
- Core voters were black veterans.
- Most white southerners were unprepared to give
Blacks political power. - Blacks could register and vote in states since
1867.
- The 15th Amendment guaranteedvoting.
32The Balance of Power in Congressional Elections
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
Miss 353,000 436,000
Louis 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
33Black White Political Participation
34Black Senate House Delegates
35Federal Enforcement against KKK
- Enforcement Acts of 1870 1871 also known as
the KKK Act.
- 1871 Act first to classify acts against
individuals as federal crimes. (Criminal law is
a state responsibility under constitutional
principle of federalism.)
36The Invisible Empire of the South
37The Election of 1872
- Spoilsmen v. reformers.
- Rumors of corruption during Grants first term
discredit Republicans. - Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/ Liberal
Republican candidate. - Greeley is attacked as afool and a crank.
38Popular Vote for President 1872
391872 Presidential Election
Why did so few electors vote for Greeeley?
40The Election of 1872
- Greeley died on November 29, 1872 (before
electoral votes were cast).
41The Abandonment of Reconstruction
42Grant Administration Scandals
- Grant presided over an era of growth and
corruption.
- Credit Mobilier Scandal
- Whiskey Ring
- Indian Ring
43Northern Support Wanes
- Panic of 1873
(6-year depression). - Concern over
western expansion
and Indian wars. - Key monetary issues
- should the government retire 432m worth of
greenbacks issued during the Civil War. - should war bonds be paid back in specie
orgreenbacks.
44Skepticism about Reconstruction Colored
Rule in a Reconstructed(?) State
45By the way . . . same artist
46The Civil Rights Act of 1875
- Crime for any individual to deny full equal use
of public conveyances andpublic places. - Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.
- Shortcoming ? lacked a strong
enforcement mechanism. - No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 82
years (1957)!
471876 Presidential Tickets
481876 Presidential Election
49The Political Crisis of 1877
50The Compromise of 1877
51THE END