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Presentation of Interfacultary Project

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... (MCFC) Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Presentation of Interfacultary Project


1
Presentation of Interfacultary Project
The versatility of nickel oxide from batteries to
smart windows
July 14, 2004
2
Group members
Marko Nieuwenhuizen ( Project leader) ST Xin Wang
ST Brian Pauw ST Jaap Bastiaansen TN Kare
n Scholz Tutor
3
Overview
  • Introduction
  • Current applications
  • Computational modelling
  • Discussion and conclusions
  • Questions

4
Introduction
Goals
  • Explore current applications
  • Investigate modifications
  • Investigate applied models
  • Discuss future applications

5
Current applications
  • Batteries (NiCd, NiMH)
  • Electrochromic devices
  • Catalyst material
  • Electrode in fuel cells
  • Thermoelectric applications

6
Batteries
Panasonic, Nickel Metal Hydride batteries
Handbook, 2003
7
Half cell reactions
Positive Electrode Ni(OH)2 OH- NiOOH
H2O e- Negative electrode M H2O e-
MHab OH- Overall reaction Ni(OH)2
M NiOOH MHab
8
Problems occurring in batteries
Phase transitions
Oxygen evolution reaction
4 OH- O2 2H2O 4e-
9
Electrochromic devices
Information display
Diffuse scattering
Absorption
Redraw from Cranqvist C.G. Handbook of inorganic
electrochromic materials
10
Electrochromic applications
Information display
Variable reflectance mirror
Specular reflection
Diffuse scattering
Absorption
Absorption
Redraw from Cranqvist C.G. Handbook of inorganic
electrochromic materials
11
Smart window
Transmission
Absorption
Redraw from Cranqvist C.G. Handbook of inorganic
electrochromic materials
12
Smart window
Variable emittance surface
Transmission
Emitting
Infrared absorbing
Absorption
Non-emitting
Infrared reflecting
Redraw from Cranqvist C.G. Handbook of inorganic
electrochromic materials
13
Catalyst material
  • O2 evolution desired reaction in
    electrocatalysis
  • Electro-oxidation of alcohols

14
Fuel cells
  • Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)
  • Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
  • Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
  • Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
  • Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
  • Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)

15
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
16
Some problems
  • NiO dissolves into the electrolyte
  • Decrease of surface area
  • Short-circuiting

17
Several solutions
  • Modifications in the composition of gas mixtures
  • Varying partial pressure of CO2,total pressure
  • LiFeO2, Li2CoO2, Li2MnO3 and La1-xSrxCoO3 as
    replacement materials for the NiO cathodes
  • ZnO impregnated NiO cathodes
  • NiO cores covered with an outer layer of Li (Co)
    oxide

18
Current applications
  • Batteries (NiCd, NiMH)
  • Electrochromic devices
  • Catalyst material
  • Electrode in fuel cells
  • Thermoelectric applications

19
Thermoelectric effect
Temperature gradient ? Potential difference
20
Gas sensors
  • Hydrogen detector by coating with pt
  • CO detector by coating with au
  • Hydrogen detector by coating with pt
  • Doping Li and Na to improve thermoelectric
    properties

21
Source W.Shin, www.aist.go.jp
22
Computational modelling
  • Molecular modelling
  • - Using statistical mechanics and Newtons
    second law
  • - Calculating atomic details

Limitations - Purely classical motions -
Electron motions are not considered
  • Electronic structure modeling
  • - Using quantum mechanics

Limitations - Larger systems means larger
approximations - Less practical use for systems
gt50 atoms
23
Modelling applied to NiO
  • Crystal structure after doping
  • Difussion models
  • Band-gap calculations

24
Discussion and conclusions
  • Many similarities between electrochromism and
    energy storage
  • Possible applications, using electrochromism
  • Thermoelectric energy sources ?
  • Stabilising nickel oxide in MCFC

25
Acknowledgements
Prof. dr. P. Notten Dr. M. Wehrens-Dijksma Ir. K.
Scholz Dr. Ir. J. Reijenga
26
Questions?
For more information visit our website on
Students.chem.tue.nl/ifp10
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