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Operant Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning Rewards and punishment Classical vs. Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Operant Conditioning


1
Operant Conditioning
  • Rewards and punishment

2
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
Behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it. Behavior is determined by anticipation of what FOLLOWS it.
Involuntary Voluntary
Dog salivates after a tone. Dog sits in anticipation of getting a treat.
3
Classical or Operant?
  • A very bright (mildly painful) light is turned
    on a rat. The rat has learned that he can turn
    off the light by pressing a lever on the other
    side of his cage. As soon as the light comes on,
    the rat runs across the room and presses the
    lever.

4
Classical or Operant?
  • When a mother strokes her infants skin, the
    stroking creates pleasure responses in the baby.
    After this goes on for many days, the baby begins
    to show pleasure responses simply at the sight of
    her mother (even before being touched).

5
Classical or Operant?
  • Imagine you have a friend who keeps the
    temperature in her home so high that each
    occasion on which you visit her you find yourself
    perspiring. The last time you visited her, you
    noticed that you began to perspire and became
    uncomfortable as soon as you saw her house (even
    before you got inside).

6
Classical or Operant?
  • A patient in a mental hospital is very disruptive
    at mealtimes. She grabs food from the plates of
    those sitting near her and tries to cram the food
    in her mouth. Because this behavior of stealing
    food is very undesirable, a plan is developed
    whereby every time the patient steals food from
    other plates, she is immediately taken to a room
    without food.

7
Classical or Operant?
  • Alice leaves her clothes and toys all over her
    room. It seems that the only time she cleans up
    her room is when her mother yells at her. When
    she yells at her, Alice picks up her clothes and
    put away her toys.

8
Operant Conditioning
  • Positive Reinforcement give you something you
    like or want in order to make a behavior more
    likely () (most like a reward)
  • If you work quietly for an hour, Ill let you
    listen to your Ipod at the end of class. ()
  • Negative Reinforcement taking away something you
    dont like in order to make a behavior more
    likely (-)
  • I wont make you do your chores IF you come to
    your grandmothers this weekend instead of hang
    with your friends

9
Operant Conditioning
  • Omission Training Removing a thing you like in
    order to make a behavior less likely.
  • Grounding you in order to prevent you from
    staying out late.
  • Punishments add something you dont like in
    order to make a behavior less likely.
  • Ill smack you across the face if you dont stop
    talking in class.

10
Mistakes Teachers/Parents Make
  • Paying attention to students/kids bad behavior
    (positive reinforcement)
  • Not paying attention to good behavior (a form of
    punishment)
  • Suspending studentswhy does this almost never
    work? (omission?)
  • Trying to use omission (cell phone, groundings)
    as punishment (why does this end up being just
    like punishment?)
  • Operant conditioning usually works best in
    elementary school, not high schoolwhy not?

11
Problems with Punishment
  • it models aggression as a way to solve problems
  • breeds anger in the recipient/towards the
    punisher
  • doesnt provide an alternative behavior.
    Therefore, the behavior only goes away when the
    punisher is around.

12
Reinforcement Schedules
  • fixed ratio set number (every three times
    responses you give, you get a chocolate)
  • variable ratio unpredictable number of
    responses (slot machine payouts, not knowing what
    assignments will be graded)
  • fixed interval set amount of time (pay you
    every hour you work)
  • variable interval unpredictable amount of time
    (getting messages on Facebook/text)

13
Reinforcement Schedules Effectiveness
  • Variable schedules are more resistant to
    extinction
  • Continuous reinforcement causes the fastest
    learning.
  • Immediate reinforcement is more effective than
    delayed.
  • If reinforcement doesnt follow the response, the
    behavior might become extinct.
  • If you study and dont get As like you
    thoughtyou might stop studying.

14
Skinners Method of Learning
  • In Skinner's book The Technology of Teaching, he
    said there are five main obstacles in learning
    People have a fear of failure.
  • The task is not broken down into small enough
    steps.
  • There is a lack of directions.
  • There is also a lack of clarity in the
    directions.
  • Positive reinforcement is lacking.
  • Skinner suggests that any age-appropriate skill
    can be taught using five principles to remedy the
    above problems
  • Give the learner immediate feedback.
  • Break down the task into small steps.
  • Repeat the directions as many times as possible.
  • Work from the most simple to the most complex
    tasks.
  • Give positive reinforcement.

15
Superstition
  • BF Skinner radical behavioralist
  • Wanted to demonstrate that uniquely human
    behaviors were the product of conditioning.
  • Starved 8 pigeons. Then rewarded them with food
    every 15 s, no matter what they did.

16
  • Results
  • 6 of 8 bird developed superstitions
  • Turning counter-clockwise in a circle
  • Thrusting head toward a specific corner of cage
  • tossing an imaginary ball with its head
  • Head bobbing with accompanying steps (2 birds)
  • fake pecking

17
Superstition (cont)
  • Follow up studies
  • Gradually increased time between rewards to 1 min
    bird behaviors became more pronounced (head
    bobbing/stepping looked like a dance)
  • Removed reward altogether to create extinction
    pigeons showed resistance to extinction (one
    pigeon repeated behavior over 10,000 times before
    quitting).
  • What are your superstitions? How are they
    rewarded?

18
Overjustification Effect
  • Experiment
  • Story of boys playing soccer
  • Overjustification effect when we are rewarded
    for behaviors that we naturally enjoy, we
    sometimes lose our intrinsic motivation.
  • Learning and grades?
  • Professional athletes?

19
Criticisms of Behavioralism
  • Deemphasizes the role of internal thoughts and
    feelings in behavior Presents humans as lacking
    free will
  • Ignores biological predispositions

20
Support for Criticisms
  • Experiments with humans and animals both
    indicate that biological predispositions
    influence conditioning.
  • a. Animal training
  • b. Human societies built on behavioralist
    principles.

21
Support for Criticisms
  • 2. Expectations alter the effectiveness of
    conditioning (i.e., alcoholics and
    nausea-producing drug overjustification effect).
  • 3. Learning occurs in the absence of rewards or
    punishments (this is called latent learning)
  • - mice and cognitive maps

22
Observational Learning
  • Also known as modeling.
  • Albert Bandura Bobo doll experiment

23
Modeling
  • Prosocial Behavior constructive behavior
  • Antisocial Behavior unproductive or destruction
    behavior
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