War Unit Content Objectives

1
War Unit Content Objectives

• Understand the causes of each war
• Understand the social, political and economic
  effects of each war
• Understand the changing nature of modern warfare
• Understand the politics of war

2
Think Pair Share
Is war ever justified? What is the intended goal
of war? Can war ever accomplish its intended
goal?
3
The American Civil War 1861-1865
What makes a civil war different from a foreign
war? What could bring a nation into civil
war? Should the use of force or diplomacy be used
to preserve a nation?
4
Secession Strikes!
The Stars and Bars
By 1861, the nation had 34 states. Even after the
South seceded from the Union, President Lincoln
would not allow any stars to be removed from the
flag.
See Map
5
The Attack at Fort Sumter

• Southern states seize all federal operations in
  the South.
• Confederacy creates Constitution.

• Fort Sumter - on an island in Charleston harbor,
  South Carolina
• Confederacy demand surrender.
• Union soldier food/ammunition supply low
• The dilemma
• Which side will start the war?
• Lincoln sent food for hungry men
• Davis attacked before food arrived!

The Civil War has begun!
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The Strategy
The conflict begins at Fort Sumter President
Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers. Each state
provided well over their quota!

• The Norths Strategy (The Anaconda Plan)
• Naval blockade of southern ports.
• Split the Confederacy in two via the Mississippi
  River.
• Capture the Confederate capital Richmond

• The Souths Strategy
• Defense! Defense! Defense!

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The Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

• Why do some battles have two names?
• Northerners named battles after nearest body of
  water.
• Southerners named battles after nearest town.

• The First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas, VA) in
  July 1861

1. Green soldiers on both sides?
2. A spectator sport?
3. Union Army moving to sack Richmond.
4. South wins forcing Union retreat to D.C.

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Union v. Confederacy

• Ulysses S. Grant
• Average West Point graduate
• Commander of the Union armies late in the game.
• Appointed after many failed including McClellan.

• Robert E. Lee
• Exceptional West Point graduate.
• A reluctant secessionist from Virginia.
• Commander of the Confederate forces throughout
  the war.

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The Politics of the War

• The Emancipation Proclamation
• Purely political
• Used as a foreign policy tool
• Only freed slaves of states in rebellion.
• How did this appease Northerner abolitionists and
  Border states alike?
• Purely symbolic.
• Slaves would have to escape to the North for
  freedom

Lincoln asked his cabinet for their opinion on
freeing the slaves.
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Gettysburg, PA July 1-3, 1863
The Turning Point of the War All for a couple
pairs of shoes?
Picketts Charge
The Battlefield
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Gettysburg Statistics
Federal Confederate
Engaged 85-88,000 70-75,000
Killed 3,155 3,903
Wounded, and Mortally Wounded 14,529 18,735
Missing 5,365 5,425
Total Losses 23,049 28,063
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The Gettysburg Address - 1863
Lincoln steals the show from Edward Everett

• Lincoln spoke at a cemetery dedication.
• Four score and seven years agowhat does that
  mean?
• Lincolns main idea
• We can not let democracy fail.
• We are THE United States one nation not a
  collection of states.

• Meanwhile in the West
• Grants victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi finally
  cut the South in two on July 4, 1863.

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The Gettysburg Address - 1863
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought
forth on this continent a new nation, conceived
in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that
all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in
a great civil war, testing whether that nation or
any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that
war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that
field as a final resting-place for those who here
gave their lives that that nation might live. It
is altogether fitting and proper that we should
do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot
dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow
this ground. The brave men, living and dead who
struggled here have consecrated it far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will
little note nor long remember what we say here,
but it can never forget what they did here. It is
for us the living rather to be dedicated here to
the unfinished work which they who fought here
have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for
us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us -- that from these honored
dead we take increased devotion to that cause for
which they gave the last full measure of devotion
-- that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain, that this nation
under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and
that government of the people, by the people, for
the people shall not perish from the earth.
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Grant Wages a War of Attrition
War of Attrition A war in which neither side
has the advantage. The winner will be the side
with more soldiers and war material, the loser
eventually succumbing because they run out first.
Grant The Butcher Combined, he lost 60,000 men to
the Souths 32,000 at Battles of Fredericksburg
(The Wilderness), Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor,
Petersburg in Virginia
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Shermans March to the Sea
Grant orders William Tecumseh Sherman to conduct
TOTAL WAR

• Sherman marched through the south causing
  destruction everywhere.
• Used Large columns
• Destroyed all potential war supplies
• Attacked southern morale
• See Map
• Shermans success boosted support for Lincolns
  war policy (more politics!)
• Lincoln was re-elected in 1864

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Shermans March to the Sea
AtlantaSavannahSouth CarolinaNorth Carolinaon
to Richmond
Back
17
Election of 1864
Lincoln wins in an electoral landslide! Check
out his opponent
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Appomattox Courthouse, VA
April 10, 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant Lincoln
arrives in Richmond see transparency Jefferson
Davis fled Richmond to be arrested months later
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The First Modern War
What makes this American war so modern?
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Wartime Technology
The Souths Merrimack
The Norths Monitor

• Whats an Ironclad?
• a steam-propelled warship fitted with plates of
  iron armor.
• Why didnt they sink?

Hampton Roads, VA March 1862 They meet and its
a draw!
Civil War Weapons
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African-Americans

• Large-scale Enlistment in the North
• African-American sign up to fight
• 180,000
• Discrimination
• Lower pay
• First come last serve
• No officer status
• Segregated regiments
• Rarely saw combat
• If captured, Confederate troops would execute
  them.

Southerners said, if slaves make good soldiers,
weve got the whole theory of slavery wrong.
The Massachusetts 54th led by Col. Robert G. Shaw
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Conscription Laws
Large scale casualties lead to a draft!

• Southern Draft Law
• All able-bodied men 17-50
• Planters with gt20 slaves exempted
• Substitutes could be hired

• Northern Draft Law
• All able-bodied men 20-45
• Commutation 300
• Substitutes could be hired

A rich mans war, but a poor mans fight.
Effect New York Draft Riots July 1863
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An Uncommon Soldier
Read the following excerpt and guess why this
soldier is so uncommon.
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Civil War Medicine

• The United States Sanitary Commission
• Responsible for the health and safety of civil
  war hospitals.
• Extended to women the power to work for the war
  effort.
• Forerunner of the American Red Cross

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Civil War Prisons
See handout
Andersonville Prison, Georgia
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After the War
Costs of the War
Effects of the War
See Video - War Outside My Window The Diary of
Mary Chesnut
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Matthew Bradys Photography
In 1862, Brady shocked America by displaying his
photographs of battlefield corpses from Antietam,
posting a sign on the door of his New York
gallery that read, "The Dead of Antietam." This
exhibition marked the first time most people
witnessed the carnage of war. The New York Times
said that Brady had brought "home to us the
terrible reality and earnestness of war.
Bradys efforts represent the first instance of
the comprehensive photo-documentation of a war.
After the Civil War, Brady found that war-weary
Americans were no longer interested in purchasing
photographs of the recent bloody conflict. Having
risked his fortune on his Civil War enterprise,
Brady lost the gamble and fell into bankruptcy.
His negatives were neglected until 1875, when
Congress purchased the entire archive for
25,000. Brady's debts swallowed the entire sum.
He died in 1896, penniless and unappreciated. In
his final years, Brady said, "No one will ever
know what I went through to secure those
negatives. The world can never appreciate it. It
changed the whole course of my life."
Assignment Complete the Photo Analysis Guide
Sheet for your assigned slides. At the end of
the slide show answer the following Should we
photograph war? Why or Why not?
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Should we photograph war?
Why or Why not?
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Matthew Bradys Photography

1. Antietam MD. Allan Pinkerton, President Lincoln,
   and Maj. Gen. John A. McClelland

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Matthew Bradys Photography
2. Bealeton, Va. Noncommissioned officers' mess
of Co. D, 93d New York Infantry
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Matthew Bradys Photography
3. City Point, Va. African American army cook at
work near St. Petersburg
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Matthew Bradys Photography
5. Petersburg, Va. Sections of chevaux-de-frise
(defensive fortifications) used by Confederate
Army
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Matthew Bradys Photography
6. Washington, D.C. Patients in ward of Harewood
Hospital mosquito nets over beds
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Matthew Bradys Photography
7. Antietam, Md. Confederate dead in a ditch on
the right wing used as a rifle pit
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Matthew Bradys Photography
8. Antietam, Md. Bodies of Confederate dead
gathered for burial
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Matthew Bradys Photography
9. Richmond, Va. Wagon train of Military
Telegraph Corps
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Matthew Bradys Photography
10. Embalming surgeon at work on soldier's body
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Matthew Bradys Photography
11. Cumberland Landing, Va. Federal encampment
on Pamunkey River, Va..
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Matthew Bradys Photography
12. Charleston, S.C. Crowd inside Fort Sumter
awaiting the flag-raising after Confederate
surrender