RUSSIAN ENGINEERING EDUCATION: HISTORY, CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGES

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RUSSIAN ENGINEERING EDUCATION HISTORY, CURRENT
STATUS AND CHALLENGES
Prof. Yuri Pokholkov President of Association for
Engineering Education of Russia, aeer_at_list.ru
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The 300th anniversary of the technical education
in Russia
Engineering education in Russia started with
organization in Moscow of School for Mathematical
and Navigational Crafts. The date of the School
foundation should be fixed by the Highest Decree
of Emperor Peter the Great of January 14th, 1701
(old style) or January 27th by the new style.
1701 - the starting date of the technical
education in Russia.
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Already 300 years ago one of the main feature of
Russian engineering education was the practical
work of future engineers.
The idea of Practical work was adopted by foreign
HEIs and was named there Russian System.
Engineering education in Russian HEIs was (and
is) based on combination of high level
theoretical education and sizeable practical work.
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To the beginning of 1960th Russian Engineering
Education was considered as one of the best
Engineering Schools in the World.
In due time USA explained that USSR has the
priority in space development because of the
perfect system of engineering education in the
Soviet Union.
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International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development outlined in the mid 1990th in
analytical report that Russian System of
Engineering Education and Russian System of High
Professional Education as a whole were saved in
spite of numerous hardships.
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Russian Engineering Education today is the
biggest system of higher professional school of
Russia. There are 346 governmental engineering
HEIs and 112 non-governmental engineering HEIs
386 specialities.
29 of Russian students are students of
engineering HEIs.
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STUDENTS
Totally 1361190 persons, including 10090
persons from non-governmental HEI
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POST-GRADUATE STUDENTS
Totally 24211 persons
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TEACHING RESEARCH STAFF
Totally 81596 persons
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DrS. STAFF
Totally 6538 persons
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PhD. STAFF
Totally 48406 persons
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Russian Educational System
D.Sc
3 10... years
Ph.D
3 years
3 years
Masters Degree
Specialists Diploma, Engineer
1 year
2 years
Bachelors Degree
3 years
2 years
First Level Diploma
2 years
Secondary Education
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MAIN FEATURES OF THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM
IN RUSSIA
  Comparison indicators Quantity characteristics Quantity characteristics Percentage
  Comparison indicators Russia Engineering education Percentage
Number of higher educational institutions state - 621 private - 387 total - 1008 state - 346 private - 112 total - 458 55,7 28,9 45,4
Number of students (thousands of people) state - 4797,5 private - 629,5 total - 5427 state - 1361,2 private - 10 total - 1361,1 28,2 1,6 25
Number of graduate students (thousands of people) 86,6 24,2 27,9
Number of teaching and research staff (thousands of people) among them Doctors of Science Candidates of Science 248,3     21,2 113,4 81,6     6,5 33,8 32,8     30,6 29,8
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RESEARCH-AND-PRODUCTION DEPARTMENTS OF THE HIGHER
EDUCATION ENGINEERING ESTABLISHMENTS
  Name of departments Engineering institutions of higher education Engineering institutions of higher education Engineering institutions of higher education Total
  Name of departments Universities Academies Institutes Total
Research institutes 98 4 1 103
Service yards 84 10 3 97
Problem research laboratories 370 42 8 420
Engineering centers 105 26 4 135
Pilot-line productions 72 16 3 91
Design offices 42 6 1 49
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ENGINEERING SCHOOLS
Russian engineering schools, being a unique
national tradition, have significantly influenced
the development of science and technology they
contributed to the industrial process
improvement, and facilitated industrial
production throughout the world.
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ENGINEERING SCHOOLS

• In the Russian technical institutions of higher
  education the following famous scientific and
  engineering schools have been formed and are
  successfully developing in the spheres of
• electical power engineering and energy supply,
• aircraft and rocket and space technology,
• machine intelligence,
• high technologies and precise technological
  machines,
• technical physics,
• resource-saving and wasteless technologies,
• non-traditional sources of energy,
• earthquake forecasting,
• exploring for minerals,
• laser technologies,
• nanosecond technics and in some other spheres.

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Criterion Competitiveness of graduators June
2006 (from independent Agency ReitOR)
Speciality League Total number of HEIs in League
ENERGY FIRST 7
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS FIRST 21
MACHINE-BUILDING FIRST 14
MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS FIRST 24
GAS AND OIL INDUSTRY FIRST 5
129 HEIs from 20 Russian cities
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RATING RUSSIAN HEIs WITH GOOD EDUCATION/JOB
OPPORTUNITIES (Magazine Money, 2006)
300 biggest Russian companies (Lukoil, TNK-BP,
Bank Soyuz, Basic Element, Mosenergo etc.)
took part in the opinion poll

• 100 Russian HEIs participated passed through this
  rating. There were from the following cities
• Moscow - Novosibirsk
• St.-Petersburg - Krasnoyarsk
• Kazan - Taganrov
• Ufa - Chelyabinsk
• Tyumen - Ekaterinburg
• Vladimir - Tomsk
• Omsk - Ivanovo

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RATING RUSSIAN HEIs WITH GOOD EDUCATION/JOB
OPPORTUNITIES (Magazine Money, 2006)

• Questions to Russian companies
• graduators from which Russian HEIs you would
  like to engage?
• satisfaction by education quality
• level of graduators income
• graduators career development
• number of graduators engaged in 2005

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RATING RUSSIAN HEIs WITH GOOD EDUCATION/JOB
OPPORTUNITIES (Magazine Money, 2006)
1 Bauman Moscow State Technical University
2 Moscow State University
3 Financial Academy at President of Russian Federation
4 State University of Management
5 Ural State Technical University
6 Higher School of Economics
7 Russian Economical Academy
8 Moscow Energy Institute
9 Ivanovo State Energy University
10 Moscow Aviation University
11 Moscow Physical and Technical Institute
12 Kazan State University
13 Perm State Technical University
14 Tomsk Polytechnic University
15 St.-Petersburg State University
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REQUIREMENTS TO HEI GRADUATOR

1. Ability to use knowledge and skills in natural
   sciences, mathematics and engineering
2. Ability to schedule and run experiments to fix,
   analyse and interpret results
3. Ability to engineer processes/system according to
   the purpose aimed
4. Team work
5. Ability to formulate and solve an engineering
   tasks
6. Ability to realize professional and ethical
   responsibilities
7. Aiming to the victory in competitive struggle
8. Wide erudition for understanding of global and
   social consequences of engineering decision
9. Long-life learning
10. Awareness and comprehension of modern public,
    political and research challenges
11. Ability to use practical skills in engineering
    practice.

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CORPORATE UNIVERSITIES
First Corporate University was established in
1914. The main feature of Corporate University is
special educational policy education according
to the strategic line of industrial company.

• Corporate University helps
• To summarize experience, skills and knowledge of
  Company/Corporation
• To form common corporate culture and value
  system
• To create models of future modifications

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CORPORATE UNIVERSITIES IN RUSSIAN BUSINESS
FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX (4) FINANCES
(5) METALLURGY (3) MACHINE-BUILDING
(3) TELECOMMUNICATIONS (5) TRANSPORT (1) CONSUMER
GOODS AND SERVICES (7) TRADE (4)
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Modern tendencies of the development of
Engineering Education in Russia model of Tomsk
Polytechnic University Innovative Educational
Programme on Outstripping Training of Elite
Specialists and Teams of Professionals on
Priority Fields of Science and Technology
Development
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Founded in 1896, Tomsk Polytechnic University
(TPU) is the first and the oldest technical
educational establishment in the Asian part of
Russia.

• over 100 000 alumni
• over 300 of them have become Academicians, State
  award winners and the winners of other
  prestigious awards, 1 Nobel Prize winner

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The leading role of TPU and its significant
influence on the Russian culture is shown by the
inclusion of TPU into the List of the most
valued objects of Russian Cultural Heritage by
the order of the Russian President (2nd April,
1997).
High level of TPU is approved by its ratings 1st
in the rating of Russian Association for
Engineering Education 4th in the rating of
Russian Association of Technical Universities
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24 380 students 600 post-graduates 55
doctorates 17 faculties 25 Bachelors
programmes 20 Masters programmes 82
specialities 2 000 specialists graduates TPU
annually 14 academic Councils for defending
doctors dissertations 3 councils for defending
candidates dissertations 8 institutes 3 research
institutes Research nuclear reactor Electronic
synchrotron Cyclotron Microtron Powerful
accelerator of charged particles etc.
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Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU) won the
competition of Priority National Project
Education and got 800.000.000 rubles (about
23 mln.euro) for the Programme execution
in 2007-2008. 160.000.000 rubles (about 4,6
mln.euro) additionally TPU put to the Project
budget from the University resources.
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Innovative Educational Programme on Outstripping
Training of Elite Specialists and Teams of
Professionals on Priority Fields of Science and
Technology Development.
Principles of outstripping training elite
specialists

• Eliteness of students
• Principle of outstripping training and eliteness
  of educational programmes and technologies usage
  of world IT resources
• Principle of elite scientific, engineering and
  pedagogical schools
• Principle of strategic partnership with industry,
  science and business
• Principle of exclusive competencies.

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INNOVATIVE EDUCATIONAL FIELDS
1. Material science, nanomaterials,
nanotechnologies. 2. Atomic energetics, nuclear
fuel cycle, safety work with radioactive waste
and wasted nuclear fuel, protection and
counteraction to terrorism. 3. Technologies of
hydrogen energy, energy saving and renewable
sources of energy. 4. Conservancy and
environmentally safety technologies of mining,
transportation and oil processing.
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1. Society transformation and the way it effects the
   educational system.
2. Challenges of the post-industrial society the
   Bologna process.
3. Responses of university management.

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Society transformation and the way it effects the
educational system
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Society transformation and the way it effects
the educational system
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1. Conversion of the industrial society into the
   post-industrial one
2. Globalisation and internationalisation
3. Innovation post-industrial economy
4. Conversion of mechanistic management into
   dialectic (new) one

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?
Conversion of the industrial society into the
post-industrial one
XX century mechanistic management. Second half
of XX century it became clear that the
university management methods remained no longer
adequate to challenges of the new post-industrial
society.
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?
Conversion of the industrial society into the
post-industrial one
New ideology of universities activities in XXI
century Education is not a public benefit but a
client-oriented system of educational services
with all possible consequences.
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?
Conversion of the industrial society into the
post-industrial one

• the second wave of education popularisation
• individuals get started investing in higher
  vocational education
• mechanical growth of paid education and
  expansion of private universities segment

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Globalisation and Internationalisation
Purely national education gradually transforms to
the international one. Anglo-American
vocational education has come to take place of
the continental European education that still
dominated in the middle of XX century all over
the world. Continental Europe had to
introduce the Bologna system that had adopted
many patterns of the American education and
created the prerequisites for internationalising
European universities.
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?
Innovation post-industrial economy

• elimination of excessive academism and
  self-value from sciences.
• knowledge has become useful, i.e. aiming at
  real economic effect.
• commercialisation of sciences as well as higher
  vocational education

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?
Innovation post-industrial economy
80th years of XX century postindustrial
education (mass, personal oriented, flexible,
international).
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?
Innovation post-industrial economy
State started to finance people instead of
education

• normative-individual financing
• education crediting of population
• purposeful training of specialists according to
  the enterprises orders

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?
Innovation post-industrial economy
Relations with the clients consumers of
educational services

• payment for educational services
• requirements to the material resources as a
  service, needed to realise the learning process
• flexibility of educational services as well as
  the forms of rendering them
• quality assurance of educational services in
  accordance with the demands of a person, society,
  state, employers.

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?
Innovation post-industrial economy
It is necessary to find the ways to fix market
positions of educational institutions as well as
the ways of funding universities

• brand availability
• marketing of labour market and scientific
  products
• presence of strategic partners and corporate
  clients
• multi-channel financing
• active fundraising
• outsourcing
• involving the most noted and efficient
  specialists
• advertising
• availability via Internet.

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?
Conversion of mechanistic management into
dialectic (new) one
At this period university become aware of
their innovation mission. Universities
actively master the economical and
entrepreneurial types of authoritative
relationships. There come new formats of
higher vocational education, that can meet the
labour market demands

• corporate universities,
• innovation universities,
• entrepreneurial universities,
• franchise universities,
• network, virtual universities.

Educational technologies get changed.
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?
Conversion of mechanistic management into
dialectic (new) one

• Budgeting directed at the result
• balanced and program (resulting) budget,
• target indicators meant to be used for university
  budget financing,
• special state audit system of university
  effectiveness used in addition to common
  financial control.

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Challenges of the post-industrial society and
Bologna process
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?
Challenges of the post-industrial society and
Bologna process

• popular character of the higher vocational
  education and a financial crisis of the higher
  vocational education system
• education internationalisation and the Bologna
  process
• quality improvement of educational services and
  research results
• need to turn to the flexible competence-oriented
  education programs
• need to change the educational technologies and
  turn to liberal learning
• need to reform the modern university
  organisational structure.

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?
Challenges of the post-industrial society and
Bologna process
In 1999, 29 european countries signed the
Bologna declaration

1. introducing a system of compatible documents on
   higher education and implementation of a unified
   diploma supplement
2. implementation of a two-level (Bachelor-Master)
   higher vocational education system
3. introduction of a compatible framework of credit
   marks as a mean to facilitate the free mobility
   of students
4. enhance the mobility of students, teachers and
   researchers,
5. cooperation in quality assurance of the european
   education
6. raise of european education prestige.

At present the Bologna process involves 44
countries.
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Moscow Region
Main disadvantages of HEI graduates (from
employers and recruiters points of view)

• Low effectiveness and productivity of engineering
  labour, lack of knowledge, skills and experience
  for using of high-performance integrated devices
  for computer net design (CALS-technologies)
• Ignorance of business-processes and peculiarities
  of Russian business environment as a whole
• Lack of knowledge for business communication,
  negotiations lack of communication and
  presentation capacities
• Lack of English language knowledge
• Inability to use methods of nonlinear physics and
  nonlinear dynamics for complex systems
  development(synergy) and fractal performances
• Steep demands and ambitions, incapacity to
  estimate their market value.

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?
Big and medium companies from Moscow,
St.-Petersburg, Ekaterinburg, Nizhniy Novgorod
and Chelyabinsk
Young specialists
Lack of professional skills, Ignorance of
laws and methods of engineering tasks creative
solutions. Low motivation of graduates,
Insufficient aiming to professional development
and career growth. Unavailability of young
specialists for team work, Inability to present
himself and results of his work in professional
environment.
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Analytical Center Expert, information of 2006.
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RESPONSES OF UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
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TECHNOLOGY OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN HEI
T
W
S
O
Internal audit
External audit
Environment monitoring SWOT - analysis
Description of HEI initial stage
Description of HEI wishful conditions
Problem situation in HEI development
Forming of Complex Programme of HEI Development
Conception of HEI development
Aims of HEI development
Aims indicators
Events and projects
Resources
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Principles of transforming university to
innovation institute of higher education
?

1. University new mission approval.
2. Keeping academic traditions and creation of
   university innovation corporate culture.
3. Development of an innovation education system.
4. Interaction between university and environment.
5. Diversification of university funding sources.
6. Self-government, introspection and
   self-certification, strategic management,
   marketing of profile markets, quality management
   systems, graduates career tracking.
7. Two-contour university management system.

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?
Strategic management is realising through the
Complex Programme of HEI Development (CPD)
CPD structure
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?
For CPD forming the following variants of
university development have to be examined
1. Prosperity 2. Development (normative
variant) 3. Organic growth 4. Growth 5. Survival
There are more than 100 Russian Universities
which have their own CPDs.
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CPD OF TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
STRATEGIC GOAL
To provide TPU transformation into the new type
of research and educational organisation
technical university
1991 - 1995
To provide sustainable dynamic development of
University within the multistructure market
economy forming and conversion to post-industrial
society
1996 - 2000
Integration of TPU into the World Research and
Educational Area
2001- 2005
Transformation into Innovative University
2006 - 2010
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DIVERSIFICATION OF UNIVERSITY FINANCIAL RESOURCES
AND ACTIVE FUNDRAISING
Research work, pilot and design work etc.
Creation and realisation of innovative
technological production
Providing with educational services in domestic
and foreign markets
Realisation of big projects, including
international project
Consulting
Rent of University nonoperating property
Sponsors and alumni investments
Fundraising projects and programmes
Social and cultural servise
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TPU today
Dynamic of development
2007
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Consolidated budget 2007(revenues)
?
 Structure of TPU Consolidated budget 2007 2007 fact from fact 2006 from plan 2007
Federal budget (education) 1 474 517 132.2 102.7
Federal budget (research) 81 832 129.9 141.0
TOTALLY Federal budget 1 556 349 132.1 104.2
Off-budget funds 1 206 691 119.6 95.7
State subsidy from Innovative Educational Programme 388 000    
TOTALLY Off-budget funds 1 594 691 158.1 126.4
TPU Consolidated budget 3 151 040 144.1 114.4
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Distribution of consolidated budget for
University functioning and development
?
Financial resources Total income Expenses for functioning Expenses for development Percentage for develop-ment
Federal budget 1 556 349 1 265 312 291 037 18.7
Off-budget funds 1 594 691 1 028 576 566 115 35.5
TOTAL 3 151 040 2 293 888 857 152 27.2
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QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATION
personality, society,
business community,

state. Market competitiveness have to be the
main criteria.
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?
Main tendencies of different national systems for
quality management in education can be presented
as Pyramid of Quality
Many of these instruments are on the initial
stage of formation.
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JOB PLACEMENTS OF TPU GRADUATES IN 2007
?
Job places suggested by employers (per 1 graduate) of graduates job placement Agreements on career escort
1,59 79 100
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MANAGEMENT OF UNIVERSITY CORPORATE CULTURE
Corporate culture is a set of collective
basic conceptions necessary for adaptation to
external changes and creation of competitive
internal university environment .
Four-factors model is suggested to take as a
basis for university corporate culture forming.
This model is consists of the following
corporative culture components

• Culture of Hierarchy
• Culture of Competition (market)
• Culture of creative work
• Culture of Family

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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF INNOVATIVE
UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
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INNOVATIVE EDUCATIONAL FIELDS
5. Information and communication systems and
technologies. 6. Nondestructive testing. 7.
High-current electronics, sputter-ion and
beam-plasma technologies. 8. Innovative project
on developing of world-level integrated
scientific, educational and infomedia in the
University.
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• Main tasks of the Programme
• To develop 25 master programmes in the above
  mentioned educational fields
• To provide competitive admission for the entrants
  of a list of the best Russian higher schools
  graduators
• To provide the realisation of advanced
  technologies in outstripping education
  (task-oriented, task-organised, command method,
  benchmarking etc.)
• To attract foreign partners for the Programme
  implementation goal double degree diploma
• To organise research activities in the above
  mentioned fields
• To attract partners from business sector

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Industrial partners Concern Nanoindustry Siberia
n Group of Chemical Enterprises RAO UES of
Russia Basic Element Roscosmos Microsoft
Transneft Transgas Technological-and-innovati
ve special economic zone in Tomsk Microsoft
Oracle CISCO IBS
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REQUIREMENTS TO ENTRANTS

• Higher education (bachelor, engineer)
• Average score of diploma not less than 4,5 4,75
• Good knowledge of English
• IT competence
• High IQ and adaptability
• Age under 25

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REQUIREMENTS TO GRADUATOR

• Deep professional knowledge necessary for
  creation of outstripping innovation.
• Experience in project management and team work
  skills.
• IT competences confirmed with international
  certifications.
• Double Degree Diploma.
• Skills in Professional English.
• Creativity of thinking, healthy ambition.

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MASTER PROGRAMMES

1. Physics of high technologies in mechanical
   engineering
2. New materials and technologies in medicine,
   medical equipment and stomatology
3. Chemical technology of refractory nonmetallic and
   silicate materials
4. Material science in the electrical engineer and
   radio electronics
5. Physico-technical problems of atomic engineering
6. Physics of accelerators
7. Medical physics
8. Physics of the kinetic phenomena
9. Physics of the condensed condition
10. Physics of plasma
11. Energy saving (Power effectiveness and Energy
    saving)
12. Reliability of gas pipe lines, oil pipe lines and
    storehouses
13. Uranium geology
14. Geological and geophysical problems of oil fields
    and gas development
15. Computer networks and telecommunication
16. The computer analysis and data interpretation
17. Management in technical systems
18. Devices and methods of quality monitoring and
    diagnostics
19. Acoustic devices and systems of nondestructive
    control

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