Endocrine Objectives

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Endocrine Objectives

• Functions
• Identify the type of message the endocrine system
  sends.
• Structure
• Define hormone.
• Identify which body system carries hormones.
• Name the gland that controls all the other
  endocrine glands.
• Which hormone is responsible for uterine
  contractions during pregnancy?
• Identify the gland that is attached to the small
  intestine.
• What hormone does it produce?
• Label 4 glands on the endocrine system.
• Problems
• Differentiate between the different types of
  diabetes.
• Explain what doctors can do if a persons
  pituitary gland doesnt work properly to help
  them grow.

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Endocrine System
female
male
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Functions

1. Aids the nervous system to coordinate and
   regulate body functions
2. Sends hormones to organs

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Structures

• Endocrine glands secrete hormones
• Hormones chemical substances that regulate the
  activities of different body cells
• Carried by bloodstream (circulatory system)

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1. Pituitary Gland

• Regulates all other endocrine glands
• Growth
• Milk production in women who have given birth
• Oxytocin hormone
• Stimulates smooth muscles in uterus, causing
  contractions during birth of a baby

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2. Thyroid Gland

• Regulates
• Metabolism
• Use of nutrients by the bodys cells
• Body heat production
• Bone growth

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3. Parathyroid Glands

• Regulates calcium phosphorus levels in the body
• Regulates sodium to maintain blood volume blood
  pressure
• Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline)

4. Adrenal Glands
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5. Pancreas

• Digestive function
• Secretes digestive enzymes to
• break down food
• Endocrine function
• Regulates sugar levels in blood with the hormone
  insulin

Glucose Molecule
Pancreas
Small Intestine
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6. Gonads
Ovary releasing ovum

• Women ovaries
• Produce and release ova (egg cell)
• Men testes
• Produce and release sperm
• Hormones from the gonads
• Develop maintain secondary sex characteristics
  (hair, muscles, breasts)

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Problems

• 1. Growth Disorders
• If there is a lack of the growth hormone, a
  person doesnt grow
• Early diagnosis is important
• Treatment synthetic hormones (produced in a lab)

Problems are due to over/under
production of a hormone
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Problems are due to over/under
production of a hormone

• 2. Diabetes
• Pancreas produces too little insulin or insulin
  receptors on cells dont work
• Symptoms
• Excessive urination, thirst, weight loss

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Understanding Diabetes

• Carbohydrates turn into glucose (also known
• as blood sugar and blood glucose.) The
• body uses glucose as energy for its cells.

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Understanding Diabetes

• Insulin (hormone)
• Allows the uptake of glucose by body cells and
  stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in liver and
  muscle.
• Made by the pancreas
• Carbohydrates (nutrient)
• Nutrient found in grains, breads, fruits,
  vegetables, and milk
• Glucose (molecule)
• Also known as blood sugar or blood glucose
• Energy/Fuel for the body

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Understanding Diabetes

• Insulin resistance (Type 2)
• Body cell receptors dont accept Insulin so there
  are high levels of insulin traveling around the
  bloodstream
• Glucagon (hormone)
• Stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen and
  the synthesis of glucose to increase blood sugar
  when levels are low (such as hours after eating a
  meal)
• Made by the pancreas
• Glycogen (molecule)
• Storage form of carbohydrates (stored in muscles
  and liver)
• Muscle glycogen is a source of energy in muscles
  for during activity
• Liver glycogen supplies glucose when blood levels
  drop

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Pancreas

• Digestive function
• Secretes digestive enzymes
• Endocrine function
• Regulates sugar levels in blood
• Insulin
• Decreases blood sugar levels (glucose to cells)
• Stimulates liver to form glycogen from glucose
  (for storage)
• Glucagon
• Increases blood sugar level
• Stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose
  (when energy is needed)

Glucose Molecule
Pancreas
Small Intestine
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How Insulin works

• Insulin is the key to allowing cells to receive
  glucose (energy)

Glucose Insulin (key) Insulin
sdreceptors (lock)
Blood vessel













Pancreas
Body cells receive glucose because insulin cell
receptors work properly
Small Intestine
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Glucose

• Comes from carbohydrates
• Nutrient found in grains, breads, fruits,
  vegetables, and milk
• Also known as blood sugar
• It is fuel for the body

A molecule is made up of many atoms
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Understanding Diabetes

• After Eating

Insulin (hormone) helps the cells receive glucose
causing blood sugar to do down
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Food is broken down into glucose (blood sugar)
enters the bloodstream
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Blood sugar levels are high
2
Extra glucose is stored in liver or muscles as
glycogen
Extra glucose that cant be used or stored in
muscles or liver becomes fat tissue
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Liver converts glycogen back to glucose to be
released back into the blood
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Hours After Eating
Blood sugar levels are low
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Understanding Diabetes

• Type 1 (Insulin dependent)
• Whats going on?
• Dont produce insulin
• Treatment
• Regular shots to keep blood sugar levels normal
• Accounts for
• 5-10 of the people with diabetes
• Factors
• Usually comes during childhood/adolescence
• May strike after a viral infection
• Known as an autoimmune disease
• Cant take insulin in a pill form

• Type 2
• Whats going on?
• Produce insulin, but cells are insulin
  resistant (defective receptors)
• Treatment
• Weight loss/exercise, controlled diet, medication
• Avoid sugar-rich food
• Accounts for
• 90-95 of the people with diabetes
• Factors
• Usually after age 40
• Lack of exercise, obesity
• ¾ of Type 2 are overweight

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More about TYPE 2