The Endocrine System

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Chapter 11

• The Endocrine System

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Endocrine Introduction

• Homeostasis
• Hormones
• Feedback mechanism
• Exocrine versus endocrine

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Endocrine Introduction

• Central endocrine glands
• Hypothalamus and pituitary
• Peripheral endocrine glands
• Thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal, and
  pancreas

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Central Endocrine Glands

• Hypothalamus
• Works in tandem with the pituitary
• Produces and secretes neurohormones
• Tropic hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary
  to secrete its own hormones

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Central Endocrine Glands

• Hypothalamus
• Produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
• Stored in the posterior pituitary and released
  when required

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Central Endocrine Glands

• Pituitary Gland - Anterior
• Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
• Growth hormone (GH)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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Central Endocrine Glands

• Pituitary Gland Anterior
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Prolactin
• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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Central Endocrine Glands

• Pituitary Gland Posterior
• Stores and secretes two neurohormones produced by
  the hypothalamus
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
• Oxytocin

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Peripheral Endocrine Glands Thyroid

• Thyroid
• Located in throat area
• Two lobes connected by isthmus

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Peripheral Endocrine Glands Thyroid

• Thyroid
• T3 and T4
• Regulates metabolic rate and increases the
  production of energy from food
• Calcitonin
• Regulates blood calcium levels

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Peripheral Endocrine Glands Parathyroid

• Four glands
• Two on each of the thyroid glands
• Secrete parathyroid hormone or parathormone (PTH)
• Contributes to regulation of calcium and
  phosphorus

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Peripheral Endocrine Glands Adrenals

• Located on top of the kidneys
• Adrenal cortex
• Mineralocorticoids
• Glucocorticoids
• Sex hormones
• Estrogens and androgens

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Peripheral Endocrine Glands Adrenals

• Adrenal medulla
• Adrenaline
• Epinephrine
• Noradrenaline
• Norepinephrine

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Peripheral Endocrine Glands Pineal

• Located deep in the brain
• Plays role in waking and sleeping
• Secretes the hormone melatonin
• Regulated by neural stimulation from the eye
• Light inhibits secretion and dark stimulates
  production

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Peripheral Endocrine Glands Pancreas

• Lies behind the stomach
• Exocrine function
• Secretes pancreatic juice

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Peripheral Endocrine Glands Pancreas

• Endocrine function
• Insulin
• Converts glucose into its storage form, glycogen
• Stimulates the absorption of sugar by body cells

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Peripheral Endocrine Glands Pancreas

• Endocrine function
• Glucagon
• Reconverts the glycogen into glucose when the
  body needs sugar

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Additional Word Parts Roots

• Immun/o safe
• Radi/o radioactive

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Additional Word Parts Suffixes

• -genesis production
• -gen producing

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Additional Word Parts Prefix

• Eu- normal, good

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Roots

• Acr/o extremity top
• Aden/o gland
• Adrenal/o adren/o adrenal
• Andr/o male man

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Roots

• Calc/o calcium
• Crin/o to secrete
• Estr/o female

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Roots

• Gluc/o sugar
• Glyc/o sugar
• Glycogen/o glycogen
• Gonad/o gonads sex glands
• Gynec/o woman
• Home/o same

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Roots

• Insulin/o insulin
• Kal/o potassium
• Natr/o sodium
• Ocul/o eye
• Opthalm/o eye
• Pancreat/o pancreas

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Roots

• Parathyroid/o parathyroid gland
• Pituitar/o pituitary gland
• Thyr/o thyroid/o thyroid gland shield
• Ure/o urea

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Suffixes

• -assay analysis of a mixture to identify
  its contents
• -crine to secrete
• -dipsia thirst
• -physis to grow
• -tropic stimulating

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Prefixes

• Oxy- sharp quick

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Aging

• Decrease in testosterone, estrogen, and the
  growth hormone
• Can cause muscle atrophy

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Aging

• Generalized decrease in production and activity
  of hormones
• Often asymptomatic as body can create higher
  levels than needed

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Common Diseases

• Diabetes
• Ketones and ketoacidosis
• Type 1
• Type 2

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Abbreviations

• ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
• ADH antidiuretic hormone
• Ca calcium cancer
• FSH follicle-stimulating hormone

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Abbreviations

• GH growth hormone
• K potassium
• LH luteinizing hormone

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Abbreviations

• MSH melanocyte-stimulating hormone
• Na sodium
• OT oxytocin
• P phosphorus
• PRL prolactin
• PTH parathyroid hormone (parathormone)

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Abbreviations

• RIA radioimmunoassay
• T3 triiodothyronine
• T4 thyroxine
• TFT thyroid function tests

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Abbreviations

• TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone
• TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone