China and the New Imperialism

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China and the New Imperialism

• I. Trade
• A. Pre-1800s Chinese rulers placed strict
  limits on foreign traders
• 1. China sold silk, porcelain, and tea in
  exchange for gold and silver.
• 2. Under this arrangement, China enjoyed a
  trade surplus, exporting more than it imported.
• 3. Meanwhile, Westerners had a trade deficit.

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B. Late 1800s 2 developments would transform
Chinas relations with the West.

• 1. China entered a period of decline.
• 2. The Industrial Revolution created a need for
  expanded markets for European goods and it gave
  the West superior military power.

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C. The Opium War

• 1. Late 1700s British merchants began making
  huge profits by trading opium grown in India for
  Chinese tea, which was popular in Britain.

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Opium!

• a. Many Chinese became addicted as a result.
• b. Silver flowed out of China in payment for the
  drug, disrupting the economy
• 2. Chinese govt. outlawed opium and executed
  Chinese drug leaders.
• 3. Chinese govt demanded Britain stop the trade
  but they refused.

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This means war!!!!

• 4. 1839 Chinese warships clashed with British
  merchants, triggering the Opium War.
• a. British gunboats, equipped with the latest in
  firepower, bombarded Chinese coastal and river
  ports.
• .

b. With outdated weapons and fighting methods,
the Chinese were easily defeated.
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B. Treaty of Nanjing

• 1. 1842 Britain forced China to accept the
  Treaty of Nanjing.
• 2. Britain received a huge indemnity, or payment
  for losses in war.
• 3. Britain gained Hong Kong and maintained
  control until the 1990s!!!

Hong Kong returned to China on July 1, 1997!
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The humiliation continues for the Chinese.

• 4. China had to open up 5 ports to foreign trade.

• 5. China forced to grant British citizens
  residing in China extraterritoriality, the right
  to live under their own laws and be tried in
  their own courts.

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And as if that wasnt bad enough

• II. Internal Problems
• A. 1800s Qing Dynasty was in decline
• 1. Neglected irrigation systems and canals were
  poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of
  the Huang He River
• a. Rivers were critical to development
• b. Population concentrated in eastern 1/3

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2. Govt Corruption

• a. tax evasion
• b. Extravagance by the powerful
• c. Honored civil service rocked by bribery
  scandal
• d. peasants burdened/ overwhelmed/ desperate/
  lacked hope

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From bad to worse

• The Taiping Rebellion
• 1. Poverty and Misery led to rebellion
• 2. 1850 1864
• A. Probably the most devastating peasant revolt
  in history.
• B. Led by a school teacher, Hong Xiuguan, who was
  influenced by Christian missionaries.

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c. Lasting for 14 years, it is estimated to have
caused the deaths of 20 30 million Chinese!
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Somethings gotta give!

• III. Reform Movements
• A. Mid-1800s, Educated Chinese were divided over
  the need to adopt western ways.
• B. 1860s reformers launched the
  self-strengthening movement

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What was the self-strengthening movement?

• 1. Set-up factories for modern weapons
• 2. Developed shipyards, railroads, mining
• 3. Translated western works on science,
  government and the economy
• 4. Resulted in limited progess due to a lack of
  government support

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C. War with Japan

• 1. Japan joined the western imperialists in the
  competition for a global empire.
• 2. 1894 Sino-Japanese War resulted in disaster
  for China.
• a. Japan won Taiwan.
• b. Crushing defeat revealed Chinas weakness to
  the world!!!!! OUCH!!!
• c. Western powers moved in to carve their own
  spheres of interest!

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D. Spheres of Influence

• 1. Western power moved swiftly for control along
  the Chinese coast
• A. British took the Yangzi River Valley
• B. French acquired land near their colony of
  Indochina (now Vietnam)
• C. Germany and Russia gained land in northern
  China

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Knock, Knock

• Whos there?

The United States Not wanting to be
left Out!!!!!!!
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2. 1899 Open Door Policy

• A. U.S., a long time trade with the Chinese did
  not want to take part in the carving up of China.
• B. Fearing that it might be excluded from
  economic opportunities, it called for a policy to
  keep Chinese trade open to everyone on an equal
  basis.
• C. Imperialists accepted this but no one ever
  consulted the Chinese!!!!!

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IV. Qing Dynasty Falls!

• A. Turmoil intensified as the 1800s end
• 1. Humiliation of imperialist domination
• 2. Foreign troops resented.
• 3. Disrespect from extraterritoriality abuses
• B. 1900 Boxer Rebellion
• 1. Explosion of anti-foreign feeling
• 2. 1899 Fists of Righteous Harmony aka Boxers
  formed

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• 3. Goal was to drive out the foreign devils who
  were polluting the land with their un-Chinese
  ways
• 4. Western Powers and Japan responded with a
  multi-national force which crushed the rebellion

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C. Three Principles of the People

• 1. Although the Boxer Rebellion failed,
  nationalism spread.
• 2. Reformers wanted to strengthen the Chinese
  government.
• 3. By the early 1900s, they had introduced a
  constitutional monarch with some citizens wanting
  a republic.

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4. Emergence of Sun Yat-sens3 Principles

• 1. Nationalism freeing China from foreign
  domination
• 2. Democracy or representative government
• 3. Livelihood economic security for all Chinese.

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D. Birth of a Republic!

• 1. 1907 Ci Xi died and chaos ensued.
• 2. 1911 Uprisings topple the Qing Dynasty
• 3. Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) hurried home from a
  trip in the U.S.
• 4. Dec. 1911 Sun Yat-sen named President
• For the next 30 years China will be at war!
• China will eventually fall to communism after WW
  II.

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Imperialism

• Domination by one country of the political,
  economic, or cultural life of another country or
  region.

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New Imperialism

• Term historians use to describe the path of
  aggressive expansion taken by European powers in
  just a few decades, beginning in the 1870s,
  Europeans brought much of the world under their
  influence and control.

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Nationalism

• A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to
  ones country.

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Protectorates

• Country(ies) with its own government but under
  the control of an outside power

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Spheres of Influence

• Areas in which an outside power claims exclusive
  investment of trading privileges.

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Berlin Conference

• European conference in Germany in 1884 where
  Africa was carved by imperialist powers a means
  to avoid European bloodshed.

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Suez Canal

• A canal linking the Red Sea and Indian Ocean to
  the Mediterranean Sea, which also links Europe to
  Asia and East Africa.

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Sepoy Rebellion

• Indian soldiers rising up against British rule
  injustices
• Happened in 1857
• Many Indians killed.
• British tighten control by official colonizing
  India in 1858.

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Viceroy

• One who ruled India in the name of the monarch.

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INC

• Indian National Congress
• A Hindu nationalist group - pushing for
  independence from Britain.
• Eventually, Mahatma Gandhi would become its
  president.

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Muslim League

• Indian nationalist group of Muslims advocating
  independence AND partition of India.
• Its longtime leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
  eventually became the first leader of Pakistan.
• When Britain passed the Indian Independence Act,
  it agreed to leave the Indian subcontinent on the
  condition that it be divided into two countries
  one for Hindus and one for Muslims. Pakistan was
  to be the Muslim homeland.

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Balance of Trade

• Difference between how much a country imports and
  how much it exports.

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Trade Surplus

• Situation in which a country exports more than it
  imports

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Trade deficit

• Situation where a country imports more than it
  exports.

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Opium War

• War fought between Great Britain and China (in
  China) over restrictions to foreign trade.

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Indemnity

• Payment for losses in a war

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Extraterritoriality

• Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws
  of their own nation
• Example British in China

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Taiping Rebellion

• Peasant revolt in China in 1850.
• Lasted 14 years.
• Weakened China / made in vulnerable
• In 1868, China lost Taiwan and Korea to Japan
  which was increasing its power.

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Open Door Policy

• American approach to China around 1900, favoring
  open trade relations between China and other
  nations.

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Boxer Rebellion

• Anti-foreign movement in China from 1898 1900.
• Americans and others deliberately targeted and
  killed.

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Sino-Japanese War

• War between China and Japan in which Japan gained
  Taiwan!
• Look out for Japan!