OBJECTIVES OF PRESENTATION

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OBJECTIVES OF PRESENTATION

• DESCRIBE HOW JUVENILE SALMON USE THE NEARSHORE
  (FOCUS WILL BE ON CHINOOK)
• DESCRIBE WHY THE NEARSHORE IS IMPORTANT TO
  JUVENILE SALMON

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USE OF THE NEARSHORE VARIES BETWEEN AND WITHIN
SPECIES

• Most Use
• Ocean type chinook
• Chum
• Pink
• Coho (fry)
• Coho (yearlings)
• Stream type chinook
• Sockeye
• Steelhead
• Least Use

• Most Use
• Fry
• Fingerlings
• Yearlings
• Least Use

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HABITAT Physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of a specific unit of the
environment occupied by salmon
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Fry Migrants
Smolts
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Abundance of Fry, Smolts, and Yearlings Entering
the Estuary
Population- Genetic Makeup
Spawning Location
FW Habitat
Climate
Biological- Competition
Freshwater Environment
Fry
Smolts
Yearlings
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Juvenile Salmon Habitats Estuary/Delta

• Site Scale
• Depth
• Velocity
• Salinity
• Temperature
• Nutrients
• Substrate- Fine
• Vegetation- Marsh

• Landscape Scale
• Position in Estuary
• Connectivity
• Size
• Shape
• Salinity
• Tidal Regime

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Fry Migrants
Smolts
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Juvenile Salmon Habitats Nearshore Shoreline
Areas

• Site Scale
• Depth
• Velocity
• Salinity
• Temperature
• Nutrients
• Substrate- Variable
• Vegetation- Eelgrass
• Gradient
• Exposure

• Landscape Scale
• Position Along NS
• Connectivity
• Size
• Shape
• Composition of Adjacent Habitats
• Inshore--Offshore

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Importance of The Nearshore to Juvenile Salmon

1. Contributes to resilience and persistence of
   salmon populations.
2. Helps produce adult fish.

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The Nearshore Produces Adults
Oregon Coast (Reimers) 1. Fry migrants 2.
Subyearling estuarine smolt (brief estuary
rearing) 3. Subyearling estuarine smolt (long
estuary rearing) 4. Subyearling riverine
smolt 5. Yearling riverine smolt Campbell River
Estuary (MacDonald et al.) 1. Use of Nearshore
Contributes to Adult Returns Skagit River (E.
Beamer) 1. Adult spawners produced by fry
migrants
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Functions of Nearshore for Juvenile Salmon

• Feeding and Growth
• - Multiple sources of food
• - Much of the production is internally derived
• - High growth rates
• 2. Predator avoidance
• 3. Physiological transition
• 4. Migratory corridor

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Persistence and Resilience

• Nearshore Contributes to Diversity of Chinook
  Salmon Populations
• While all Salmon Populations Exhibit Diversity,
  Chinook Salmon Exhibit an Exceptional Amount
• Long Term Population Level Effect that Results
  From Interaction of Individual Fish With Their
  Environment

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Historic and Contemporary Life Histories
One brood year of chinook salmon in the Columbia
River estuary
Based on data from Rich (1920) Dawley et al.
(1985)
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Life History Diversity
Chinook Population
Yearlings
Fry Migrants
Smolts
Directly Thru Estuary
Extended Rear In Estuary
Short FW, Some Estuary Rearing
Long PS Phase
Short PS Phase
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Production Thinking and The Nearshore

• What are the limiting factors to salmon
  production?
• Is the nearshore a bottleneck to salmon
  production? Is there a carrying capacity?
• Are salmon estuarine dependent?

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Population Thinking

• Salmon species are composed of semi-isolated,
  self-perpetuating groups (populations)
• Conservation of a species requires conservation
  of each component of the population and the
  habitats that they use
• The nearshore is a mixing ground for populations
  from different spawning and rearing areas
  upstream
• Conservation (protection and restoration) of
  nearshore habitats is a component of salmon
  recovery efforts.

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Acknowledgements

• Randy Shuman, Daniel Smith
• King County, Department of Ecology
• Steve Schroder
• Joe Jauquet
• Si Simenstad, H. Shipman, M. Logsdon
• Roger Tabor
• Dan Bottom