Identifying parts of speech

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Identifying parts of speech
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Eight Parts of Speech
Pronouns
Nouns
Interjections
Prepositions
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
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The Noun A word that names

• A Person

• A Place

• A Thing

• An Idea

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• Singular Possessive noun
• boys
• girls

• Plural Possessive noun
• boys
• girls

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Pick out the nouns

• Mother is the sweetest name in any language.

• Great women have been honored throughout the
  centuries Gaia, Maria, Helena, and Elizabeth.

• Love is a concept that is difficult to describe,
  Lorenzo said.

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THE PRONOUN
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
I, me, mine you, your, yours she, her, hers, it,
its we,us, our, ours they, them, their,
theirs myself yourself
A word used in place of one or more nouns
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Indefinite Pronouns anybody each either none someo
ne one
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Interrogative Pronouns who whom what which whose
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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
THIS THAT THESE THOSE
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The Adjective
Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
Answers these questions
Which?
How many?
What kind?
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Did you lose your address book? Which book?
Is that a wool sweater? What kind?
Just give me five minutes. How many?.
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The Adverb
Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb
How?
He ran quickly.
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When?
She left yesterday.
Where?
We went there.
To what degree or how much?
It was too hot!
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Interrogative Adverbs
How?
When?
How did you break your leg?
How often?
When does your plane leave?
Where?
How often do you run?
Where did you put the mouse trap?
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The PREPOSITION
The preposition introduces a noun or pronoun or a
phrase or clause functioning in a sentence as a
noun.
The word or word group that the preposition
introduces is its object.
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Maria received a postcard from Bobby who went to
Paris on a scholarship.
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The preposition never stands alone!
noun
object of preposition
preposition
pronoun
object
preposition
You can press the leaves under glass.
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A preposition can have more than one object
Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news.
An object can have modifiers
It happened during the last examination.
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Some Common Prepositions
aboard about above across after against
along among around at before
behind below beneath beside between beyond by down
during except for
from in into like of off on over past since throug
h
throughout to toward under underneath until up up
on with within without
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The conjunction
is a word that joins words or groups of words
or
and
Neithernor
Eitheror
But
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The interjection
is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion
Goodness! What a cute baby!
Wow! Look at that sunset!
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EXERCISE

• The good will receive their rewards in heaven.
• He is good boy.
• He is as good as you are.
• Fruits will be good if stored properly

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• He has returned home for good.
• Good! Ill be there at eight!
• Books are made of ink, paper, and glue.
• Deborah waits patiently while Bridget books the
  tickets.

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• We walked down the street in a line.
• The mail carrier stood on the walk.
• The town decided to build a new jail.
• The sheriff told us that if we did not leave town
  immediately he would jail us.
• They heard high pitched cries in the middle of
  the night.
• The baby cries all night long.

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PHRASES

• prepositional phrase on the table
• infinitive phrase to go back to childhood
• gerundial phrase selling vegetables
• participial phrase stealing the chickens

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CLAUSES

• Independent clause can stand by itself
• Dependent clause cannot stand by itself needs
  an independent clause to be complete

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PARTS OF A SENTENCE

• SUBJECT----ACTION/LINK----COMPLEMENT
• Noun Verb Noun or
• Adjective or
• Adverb or
• Prepositional
• Phrase

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• Subject who or what we are speaking about
• Predicate what is said about the subject
• Object/complement who or what receives the
  action
• Ex. She returned the book yesterday.

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• Subject --- Verb sentence
• Mely baked.
• Subject --- Verb --- Object sentence
• Mely baked cakes.
• Subject --- Verb --- i. o. --- Object sentence
• Mely baked everyone a cake.
• Subject --- Verb --- Object --- Complement
  sentence
• Everyone considers Mely a friend.

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COMBINING SENTENCES
Physics is a difficult subject. Geometry is a
difficult subject.
Physics and geometry are difficult subjects.
Physics is difficult geometry is even more
difficult.
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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

• AND to add together two or more sentence parts.
• OR to express alternative ideas that are
  mutually exclusive, that is, one or the other can
  be true
• BUT to express a contrary idea
• YET to express a contrary or contradictory idea
• SO to express the result of the preceding idea
• FOR to express the reason for the preceding idea

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1. Rey did not finish high school but he now owns a
   big business.
2. Joey arrived home so late Tina, his wife, was
   upset.
3. Maria sings and Tony plays the piano.
4. Although it rained hard, we still met and had
   great fun.
5. I cant leave the house because my mother needs
   me.

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• My friend and my brother will accompany me to the
  party.
• Because Linda looked sick, her mother made her
  stay at home and rest.
• The book launching was a serious and happy
  affair.
• I will probably go to the movie or stay at home.
• Letty accepted her fate and left everything to
  the Lord because she is full of faith in Him.

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• The Manobo first man and woman were magnificent.
  Davao was their first son. He was good, strong,
  and handsome. Dayhonagyon was their daughter. She
  was beautiful and fair.
• Matangnon was their second son. He was handsome
  and strong, like Davao.
• Makay was their third son. He was handsome, but
  he became bad.
• These four children were the ancestors of the
  Manobos.

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VERBS
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The Verb
A word that expresses action or otherwise helps
to make a statement
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Subject
Action
Who Moved My Cheese?
Linking
predicate
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Every sentence must have

• a

VERB
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Kinds of Verbs

• Action verbs express mental or physical action.

They rode their horses to victory.
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Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the
subject with a word that describes or explains
it.
He has been sick.
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• A verb indicates the time of an action, event or
  condition by changing its form. Through the use
  of a sequence of tenses in a sentence or in a
  paragraph, it is possible to indicate the complex
  temporal relationship of actions, events, and
  conditions

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Verb Tense Time

• The four past tenses are
• the simple past ("I went")
• the past progressive ("I was going")
• the past perfect ("I had gone")
• the past perfect progressive ("I had been going")

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Present tenses

• The simple present ("I go")
• The present progressive ("I am going")
• The present perfect ("I have gone")
• The present perfect progressive ("I have been
  going")

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• Note that the present perfect and present perfect
  progressive are present (not past) tenses -- that
  idea is that the speaker is currently in the
  state of having gone or having been going.

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Future tenses

• the simple future ("I will go")
• the future progressive ("I will be going")
• the future perfect ("I will have gone")
• the future perfect progressive ("I will have been
  going")

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Verb Tense Aspect

• Verb tenses may also be categorized according to
  aspect. Aspect refers to the nature of the action
  described by the verb. The three aspects
• indefinite (or simple)
• complete (or perfect)
• continuing (or progressive)

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Indefinite tenses or Simple tenses

• Describe an action but do not state whether the
  action is finished
• the simple past ("I went")
• the simple present ("I go")
• the simple future ("I will go")

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• A verb in the indefinite aspect is used when the
  beginning or ending of an action, an event, or
  condition is unknown or unimportant to the
  meaning of the sentence. The indefinite aspect is
  also used to used to indicate an habitual or
  repeated action, event, or condition.

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Perfect tenses or Complete tenses

• Describe a finished action
• the past perfect ("I had gone")
• the present perfect ("I have gone")
• the future perfect ("I will have gone")

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• A verb in the complete aspect indicates that the
  end of the action, event, or condition is known
  and the is used to emphasise the fact that the
  action is complete. The action may, however, be
  completed in the present, in the past or in the
  future.

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Incomplete or progressive tenses

• Describe an unfinished action
• the past progressive ("I was going")
• the present progressive ("I am going")
• the future progressive ("I will be going")

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• A verb in the continuing aspect indicates that
  the action, event, or condition is ongoing in the
  present, the past or the future.
• It is also possible to combine the complete
  tenses and the incomplete tenses, to describe an
  action which was in progress and then finished

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• the past perfect progressive
• ("I had been going")
• the present perfect progressive
• ("I have been going")
• the future perfect progressive
• ("I will have been going")

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The Simple Present Tense

• The simple present is used to describe an action,
  an event, or condition that is occurring in the
  present, at the moment of speaking or writing.
  The simple present is used when the precise
  beginning or ending of a present action, event,
  or condition is unknown or is unimportant to the
  meaning of the sentence

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• Deborah waits patiently while Bridget books the
  tickets.
• The shelf holds three books and a vase of
  flowers.
• The crowd moves across the field in an attempt to
  see the rock star get into her helicopter.
• The Stephens sisters are both very talented
  Virginia writes and Vanessa paints.
• Ross annoys Walter by turning pages too quickly.

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The simple present is used to express general
truths such as scientific fact or accepted events.

• Rectangles have four sides.
• Philippine Independence Day takes place on June
  12 each year.
• The moon circles the earth once every 28 days.
• Calcium is important to the formation of strong
  bones.

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The simple present is used to indicate a habitual
action, event, or condition

• Lea goes to church every Sunday.
• My grandmother sends me food once a week
• In fairy tales, things happen in threes.
• We never finish jigsaw puzzles because the cat
  always eats some of the pieces.
• Jessie polishes the silver once a month.

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The simple present is used when writing about
works of art, films, novels, poems.

• Rizal is the protagonist of the novel Noli Me
  Tangere.
• One of Picassos best known paintings is the
  Peace Dove.
• Lt. Jamal kills everyone in Muslim Magnum .357.
• Shakespeares sonnets are inspiring
• The film Mistah ends with an epilogue spoken by
  Robin Padilla.

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The simple present can also be used to refer to a
future event when used in conjunction with an
adverb or adverbial phrase, as in the following
sentences

• The doors open in 10 minutes.
• The premier arrives on Tuesday.
• Classes end next week.
• The publisher distributes the galley proofs next
  Wednesday.
• The lunar eclipses begins in exactly 43 minutes.

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While the simple present and the present
progressive are sometimes used interchangeably,
the present progressive emphasizes the continuing
nature of an act, event, or condition.
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• Nora is looking for the first paperback editions
  of all of Raymond Chandler's books.
• Deirdre is dusting all the shelves on the second
  floor of the shop.
• The union members are pacing up and down in front
  of the factory.
• DZFE is broadcasting the hits of the 70s this
  evening.
• The presses are printing the first edition of
  tomorrow's paper.

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The present progressive is occasionally used to
refer to a future event when used in conjunction
with an adverb or adverbial phrase.

• The doors are opening in 10 minutes.
• The premier is arriving on Tuesday.
• Classes are ending next week.
• The publisher is distributing the galley proofs
  next Wednesday.

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• The present perfect tense is used to describe
  action that began in the past and continues into
  the present or has just been completed at the
  moment of utterance. The present perfect is often
  used to suggest that a past action still has an
  effect upon something happening in the present.

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• They have not delivered the documents we need.
• This sentence suggests that the documents were
  not delivered in the past and that they are still
  undelivered.
• The health department has decided that all high
  school students should be immunized against
  meningitis.
• The use of the present perfect in this sentence
  suggests that the decision made in the past is
  still of importance in the present.

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• The government has cut university budgets
  consequently, the dean has increased the size of
  most classes.
• Here both actions took place sometime in the
  past and continue to influence the present.
• The heat wave has lasted three weeks.
• The present perfect here indicates that a
  condition (the heat wave) began in past and
  continues to affect the present.
• Donna has dreamt about frogs sitting in trees
  every night this week.
• Here the action of dreaming has begun in the past
  and continues into the present.

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• Like the present perfect, the present perfect
  progressive is used to describe an action, event,
  or condition that has begun in the past and
  continues into the present. The present perfect
  progressive, however, is used to stress the
  on-going nature of that action, condition, or
  event.

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• That dog has been barking for three hours I
  wonder if someone will call the owner.
• I have been relying on my Christmas bonus to pay
  for the gifts I will buy for my large family.
• They have been publishing this comic book for ten
  years.
• We have been watching the students dancing in the
  gym all afternoon.

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The Simple Past Tense

• The simple past is used to describe an action, an
  event, or condition that occurred in the past,
  sometime before the moment of speaking or
  writing.
• The simple past tense describes an action that
  took place at some point in past.

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• A flea jumped from the dog to the cat.
• Phoebe gripped the hammer tightly and nailed the
  boards together.
• The gem-stones sparkled in a velvet lined display
  case.
• Ferdinand Magellan probably died in 1652.
• The storyteller began every story by saying "A
  long time ago when the earth was green."

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The Past Progressive Tense

• The past progressive tense is used to described
  actions ongoing in the past. These actions often
  take place within a specific time frame. While
  actions referred to in the present progressive
  have some connection to the present, actions
  referred in the past progressive have no
  immediate or obvious connection to the present.
  The on-going actions took place and were
  completed at some point well before the time of
  speaking or writing.

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• The cat was walking along the tree branch.
• This sentence describes an action that took place
  over a period of continuous time in the past. The
  cat's actions have no immediate relationship to
  anything occurring now in the present.
• Lena was telling a story about the exploits of a
  red cow when a tree branch broke the parlor
  window.
• Here the action "was telling" took place in the
  past and continued for some time in the past.

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• When the recess bell rang, Jesse was writing a
  long division problem on the blackboard.
• This sentence describes actions ("ran" and "was
  writing") that took place sometime in the past,
  and emphasises the continuing nature of one of
  the actions ("was writing").
• The archivists were eagerly waiting for the
  delivery of the former prime minister's private
  papers.
• Here the ongoing action of "waiting" occurred at
  some time unconnected to the present.

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The Past Perfect Tense

• The past perfect tense is used to refer to
  actions that took place and were completed in the
  past. The past perfect is often used to emphasis
  that one action, event or condition ended before
  another past action, event, or condition began.

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• Miriam arrived at 500 p.m. but Mr. Whitaker had
  closed the store.
• All the events in this sentence took place in the
  past, but the act of closing the store takes
  place before Miriam arrives at the store.
• After we located the restaurant that Christian
  had raved about, we ate dinner there every
  Friday.
• Here the praise ("had raved") precedes the
  finding ("located") of the restaurant. Both
  actions took place sometime before the moment of
  speaking or writing.

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• The heat wave had lasted three weeks.
• While the sentence suggests that a condition
  began in the past and continues into the present,
  this sentence describes an action that began and
  ended sometime in the past ("had lasted"). By
  using the past perfect the writer indicates that
  the heat wave has no connection to any events
  occurring in the present.
• After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more
  independent.
• Here the learning took place and was completed at
  a specific time in the past. By using the past
  perfect rather than the simple past ("learned"),
  the writer emphasises that the learning preceded
  the feeling of independence.

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The Past Perfect Progressive Tense

• The past perfect progressive is used to indicate
  that a continuing action in the past began before
  another past action began or interrupted the
  first action

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• The toddlers had been running around the school
  yard for ten minutes before the teachers shooed
  them back inside.
• Here the action of the toddlers ("had been
  running") is ongoing in the past and precedes the
  actions of the teachers ("shooed") which also
  takes place in the past.
• We had been talking about repainting the front
  room for three years and last night we finally
  bought the paint.
• In this example, the ongoing action of "talking"
  precedes another past action ("bought").

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• Madeleine had been reading mystery novels for
  several years before she discovered the works of
  Agatha Christie.
• In this sentence the act of discovery
  ("discovered") occurred in the past but after the
  ongoing and repeated action of reading ("had been
  reading").

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The Simple Future Tense

• They will meet us at the newest café at the Fort.
  
• Will you walk the dog tonight?
• At the feast, we will eat heartily.
• Bobbie will call you tomorrow with details about
  the agenda.
• The neighbors say that they will not move their
  chicken coop.

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The Future Progressive Tense

• The future progressive tense is used to describe
  actions ongoing in the future. The future
  progressive is used to refer to continuing action
  that will occur in the future.

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• The glee club will be performing at the
  celebration of the schools centenary.
• Ian will be working on the computer system for
  the next two weeks.
• The selection committee will be meeting every
  Wednesday morning.
• We will be writing an exam every afternoon next
  week.
• They will be ringing the bells for St. Benedict
  next month.

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The Future Perfect Tense

• The future perfect is used to refer to an action
  that will be completed sometime in the future
  before another action takes place.

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• The surgeon will have operated on 6 patients
  before she attends a luncheon meeting.
• In this sentence, the act of operating ("will
  have operated") takes place in the future
  sometime before the act of attending ("attends").
  
• The plumber and his assistant will have soldered
  all the new joins in pipes before they leave for
  the next job.
• Here, the plumbers' act of soldering ("will have
  soldered") will precede the act of leaving
  ("leave").

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• By the time you get back from the corner store,
  we will have finished writing the thank you
  letters.
• In this sentence, the act of returning from the
  store ("get back") takes place after the act of
  writing ("will have written").
• They will have written their first exam by the
  time we get out of bed.
• Here, the act of getting out of bed occurs
  sometime after the writing of the exam.

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• If this year is like last year, I will have
  finished my holiday shopping long before my
  brother starts his.
• In this example, the act of finishing ("will have
  finished") occurs well before the act of starting
  ("starts").

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The Future Perfect Progressive Tense

• The future perfect progressive tense is used to
  indicate a continuing action that will be
  completed at some specified time in the future.
  This tense is rarely used.

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• I will have been studying Greek for three years
  by the end of this term.
• In this sentence, the future perfect progressive
  is used to indicate the ongoing nature of the
  future act of the studying. The act of studying
  ("will have been studying") will occur before the
  upcoming end of term.
• When he returns, the wine will have been
  fermenting for three months.
• Here the ongoing action of fermentation will
  precede ("will have been fermenting") the act of
  returning.

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• Question
• Beryl had wringed all of water out of the clothes
  before she hung them on the line.
• Answer
• The answer This compound verb is not correctly
  formed. is correct.
• Explanation
• The correct form is "had wrung."

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• Question
• Last night the wind shooked the house so much
  that I could not sleep.
• Answer
• The answer This verb is not correctly formed. is
  correct.
• Explanation
• The correct form is "shook."

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• Question
• Once he had written a letter or two, he went
  upstairs and listened to his short-wave radio.
• Answer
• The answer This compound verb is correctly
  formed. is correct.

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• Question
• The planes have flew over this neighborhood for
  twenty years.
• Answer
• The answer This compound verb is not correctly
  formed. is correct.
• Explanation
• The correct form is "have flown."

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• Question
• The man who had been caught stealing bread was
  hanged at noon.
• Answer
• The answer This compound verb is correctly
  formed. is correct.
• Explanation
• The correct form is "was hanged." The verb "hang"
  has different forms depending on the subject of
  the verb. If an inanimate object is the subject
  of the verb, the past participle is "hung". If a
  person is the subject of the verb, the past
  participle is "hanged."

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• Question
• I betted my entire salary on a nag named
  Mephibosheth.
• Answer
• The answer This compound verb is not correctly
  formed. is correct.
• Explanation
• The correct form is "bet."

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• Question
• After Eve defied Adam, God cast her out of
  Paradise.
• Answer
• The answer This compound verb is correctly
  formed. is correct.

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• Question
• The bells of the tower have rang for three hours
  in honor of the passing a generous soul.
• Answer
• The answer This compound verb is not correctly
  formed. is correct.
• Explanation
• The correct form is "have rung." Remember to
  distinguish between the past part ("rang") and
  the past participle ("rung").

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• Question
• The walls of the trenches that had been digged
  yesterday collapsed in the torrential downpour.
• Answer
• The answer This compound verb is not correctly
  formed. is correct.
• Explanation
• The correct form is "had been dug."

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• Question
• Marilla has forbade us to play in the hayloft
  while she is away.
• Answer
• The answer This compound verb is not correctly
  formed. is correct.
• Explanation
• The correct form is "has forbidden." Remember to
  distinguish between the past part ("forbade") and
  the past participle ("forbidden").

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• Question
• Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the
  monster.
• Answer
• The answer Yes, this is a linking verb is
  correct.
• Explanation
• The verb "be" is usually used as a linking verb.
  The noun phrase "the name of the scientist not
  the monster" is a subject complement that
  identifies the proper noun "Frankenstein."

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• Question
• The oenophile tasted several types of Beaujolais.
  
• Answer
• The answer No, this is not a linking verb is
  correct.
• Explanation
• The verb "tasted" is accompanied by a noun phrase
  ("several types of Beaujolais") that acts as a
  direct object.

100

• Question
• Francine's uncle grows prize winning dahlias.
• Answer
• The answer No, this is not a linking verb is
  correct.
• Explanation
• Here the verb "grows" is used as a transitive
  verb and takes the noun phrase "prize winning
  dahlias" as a direct object

101

• Question
• The cheesecake tastes delicious.
• Answer
• The answer Yes, this is a linking verb is
  correct.
• Explanation
• In this sentence, the verb "tastes" is used as a
  linking verb. The adjective "delicious" is a
  subject complement that identifies the subject of
  the sentence, "the cheesecake."

102

• Question
• After smoking three cigars, Flannery turned
  green.
• Answer
• The answer Yes, this is a linking verb is
  correct.
• Explanation
• Here the verb "turned" is used as a linking verb
  and the adjective "green" is a subject complement
  that defines the subject "Flannery."

103

• Question
• The cat fastidiously smelled the dish of food
  placed before it.
• Answer
• The answer No, this is not a linking verb is
  correct.
• Explanation
• In this sentence, the verb "smelled" is used as a
  transitive verb and takes the noun phrase "the
  dish of food" as a direct object.

104

• Question
• The flowers always grow quickly during a sunny
  summer.
• Answer
• The answer No, this is not a linking verb is
  correct.
• Explanation
• Here the verb "grow" is used as an intransitive
  verb and is accompanied by the phrase "quickly
  during a sunny summer," which acts as an adverb.

105

• Question
• The stew that Gordon made smells too spicy to me.
  
• Answer
• The answer Yes, this is a linking verb is
  correct.
• Explanation
• In this sentence, the verb "smells" is used as a
  linking verb and the phrase "too spicy" is a
  subject complement that identifies the nature of
  the stew. The dependent clause "that Gordon made"
  functions as an adjective defining the nature of
  the stew.

106

• Question
• Walter was annoyed because Ross turned pages too
  quickly.
• Answer
• The answer No, this is not a linking verb is
  correct.
• Explanation
• Here the verb "turned" is used as a transitive
  verb and takes the direct object "pages."

107

• Question
• David Garrick was a very prominent
  eighteenth-century actor.
• Answer
• The answer Yes, this is a linking verb is
  correct.
• Explanation
• The verb "be" is usually used as a linking verb.
  The noun phrase "a very prominent
  eighteenth-century actor" is a subject complement
  that identifies the proper noun "David Garrick."

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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

• Depending on the type of object they take, verbs
  may be transitive, intransitive, or linking.
• The meaning of a transitive verb is incomplete
  without a direct object
• An intransitive verb cannot take a direct object

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The Indicative Mood

• The indicative mood is the most common and is
  used to express facts and opinions or to make
  inquiries. Most of the statements you make or you
  read will be in the indicative mood.
• Joe picks up the boxes.
• The german shepherd fetches the stick.
• Charles closes the window.

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The Imperative Mood

• The imperative mood is also common and is used to
  give orders or to make requests. The imperative
  is identical in form to the second person
  indicative.
• Pick up those boxes.
• Fetch.
• Close the window.

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The Subjunctive Mood

• The subjunctive mood has almost disappeared from
  the language and is thus more difficult to use
  correctly than either the indicative mood or the
  imperative mood. The subjunctive mood rarely
  appears in everyday conversation or writing and
  is used in a set of specific circumstances.

112

• It is urgent that Harraway attend Monday's
  meeting.
• The Member of Parliament demanded that the
  Minister explain the effects of the bill on the
  environment.
• The sergeant ordered that Calvin scrub the walls
  of the mess hall.
• We suggest that Mr. Beatty move the car out of
  the no parking zone.
• The committee recommended that the bill be passed
  immediately.

113

• If Canada were a tropical country, we would be
  able to grow pineapples in our backyards.
• If he were more generous, he would not have
  chased the canvassers away from his door.
• I wish that this book were still in print.
• If the congress representatives were interested
  in stopping corruption, they would urge each
  other to be more transparent in their dealings
  with suppliers.

114

• Question
• If an elephant was to fly in this window, I'd eat
  your toque.
• Answer
• The answer The verb is not in the correct mood.
  is correct.
• Explanation
• Since the sentence deals with an unreal condition
  (flying elephants) the subjunctive "were" should
  be used.

115

• Question
• The chef insists that the wholesaler deliver
  fresh salad greens every morning.
• Answer
• The answer The verb is in the correct mood. is
  correct.
• Explanation
• The subjunctive is appropriate here since it
  follows a verb of demanding ("insists").

116

• Question
• It is crucial that Wendell arrives on time.
• Answer
• The answer The verb is not in the correct mood.
  is correct.
• Explanation
• The subjunctive form "arrive" should be used here
  since it follows an expression of necessity ("it
  is crucial").

117

• Question
• If this apartment was any smaller, we would
  suffocate.
• Answer
• The answer The verb is not in the correct mood.
  is correct.
• Explanation
• Since the clause expresses an unreal condition,
  the subjunctive mood ("were") should be used.

118

• Question
• The committee recommends that all three buildings
  are condemned.
• Answer
• The answer The compound verb is not in the
  correct mood. is correct.
• Explanation
• The compound verb should be in the subjunctive
  ("be condemned") since it follows a verb of
  demanding.

119

• Question
• If Mae West was alive, she might enjoy Madonna's
  performances.
• Answer
• The answer The verb is not in the correct mood.
  is correct.
• Explanation
• Since the sentence expresses an unreal condition
  (Mae West is dead), the subjunctive ("were")
  should be used.

120

• Question
• Ms Watson requires that her baby sitter provides
  receipts.
• Answer
• The answer The verb is not in the correct mood.
  is correct.
• Explanation
• The subjunctive ("provide") should be used
  following the verb of demanding ("requires").

121

• Question
• If instantaneously reducing a room was an Olympic
  sport, Lynn would win the gold medal.
• Answer
• The answer The verb is not in the correct mood.
  is correct.
• Explanation
• The subjunctive ("were") should be used here
  instead of "was," because the clause describes an
  unreal condition. Messiness is not an Olympic
  sport.

122

• Question
• Bunbury wished that Oscar Wilde were still alive
  to write a sequel to The Importance of Being
  Earnest.
• Answer
• The answer The verb is in the correct mood. is
  correct.
• Explanation
• The subjunctive ("were") is the correct mood, for
  the clause expresses a wish that cannot come true
  since Wilde is dead.

123

• Question
• His terror of spiders kept him out of the dark
  basement.
• Answer
• "Terror" is the simple subject because it answers
  the question "what?" before the verb "kept." "Of
  spiders" and "his" are simply modifying the
  simple subject "terror."

124

• Question
• There will be three concerts in the arts centre
  tonight.
• Answer
• "Concerts" is the simple subject because it
  answers the question "what?" before the verb
  "will be." Remember that "there" is merely
  signaling that the true subject will follow.

125

• Question
• Would you willingly exchange half your
  intelligence for one million dollars?
• Answer
• "You" is the simple subject because it answers
  the question "who?" before the verb "would
  exchange."

126

• Question
• Despite the storm's destructiveness, the ship,
  with its crew of amateurs, might have survived in
  more experienced hands.
• Answer
• "Ship" is the simple subject because it answers
  the question "what?" before the verb "might have
  survived." "With its crew of amateurs" is
  modifying the simple subject "ship."

127

• Question
• After the movie, Emma and her brother bought a
  birthday present for their mother.
• Answer
• "Emma, brother" is the simple subject because it
  answers the question "who?" before the verb
  "bought." This sentence has a compound subject.

128
Verbal

• a word formed from a verb but functions as a
  noun, an adjective, or an adverb. It maintains
  some of the characteristics of a verb such as
  tense and voice. Three kinds

129

• Infinitive functions as noun, adjective, or
  adverb. Ex. To stay in the hospital seemed
  unnecessary.
• Gerund also called a verbal noun, functions as a
  noun and ends in ing. Ex.
• Walking is a good exercise.
• Please continue eating.
• Participle functions as an adjective. It
  modifies a noun or a pronoun. Ex.
• Lou, asking permission as she left, hurried out.

130
Avoid splitting infinitives

• She hopes to soon change my views.
• She hopes soon to change my views.
• She hopes to change my views soon.

131
Avoid dangling participles

• ? Walking down the street, the accident occurred.
• Walking down the street, the boy saw the accident
  occur.

132
ACTIVE VOICE

• I ate the boiled corn.
• Ryan sharpened the pencil.
• Severino Reyes wrote Walang Sugat.

133
PASSIVE VOICE

• The boiled corn was eaten by me.
• The pencil was sharpened by Ryan.
• Walang Sugat was written by Severino Reyes.