Kin selection, inclusive fitness Hamilton

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Kin selection, inclusive fitness Hamiltons
rule r n b gt c (coefficient of
relatedness) Pseudo-altruistic behavior
Eusocial Insects Hymenoptera (thin
wings) Ants, bees, wasps, hornetsall workers
are females Haplodiploidly Isoptera (same
wings) Termites (castes consist of both
sexes) Endosymbionts Parental
manipulation Cyclic inbreeding Adaptive
Geometry of a Selfish Herd
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Helpers at the Nest in White-Fronted Bee
Eaters in Kenya Reciprocal Altruism
(Trivers) Donor gt Recipient Small costs,
large gains, reciprocated Sentinels, selfish
callers Biological basis for our sense of
justice? Friendship, gratitude, sympathy,
loyalty, betrayal, guilt, dislike, revenge,
trust, suspicion, dishonesty, hypocrisy Game
Theoretic Approaches Costs versus benefits of
behaviors tit for tat strategy
forgiveness can lead to cooperation (the
future casts a long shadow back on the
present) Evolutionarily stable strategies
ESS Evolution of self deceit makes for better
liars Subconscious mind Polygraph playback
experiments
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Summary of Direct Pairwise Interactions Between
Two Populations __________________________________
_______________________________________
Species Type of
Interaction A B
Nature of Interaction ________________________
_________________________________________________
Competition Each population inhibits
the other Predation, parasitism,
Population A, the predator, parasite,
and Batesian mimicry
or mimic, kills or exploits members of
population B, the prey, host, or model

Mutualism, Interaction is favorable
to both (can Müllerian mimicry be obligatory
or facultative) Commensalism
0 Population A, the commensal,
benefits whereas B, the host, is not
affected Amensalism 0 Population A is
inhibited, but B is unaffected
Neutralism 0 0 Neither party affects the
other ____________________________________________
_______________________________________
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Exploitation competition (indirect,
resource depression) Interference
competition (direct antagonistic encounters)
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Complex Population Interactions
Rob Colwell
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Summary of Direct Pairwise Interactions Between
Two Populations __________________________________
_______________________________________
Species Type of
Interaction A B
Nature of Interaction ________________________
_________________________________________________
Competition Each population inhibits
the other Predation, parasitism,
Population A, the predator, parasite,
and Batesian mimicry
or mimic, kills or exploits members of
population B, the prey, host, or model

Mutualism, Interaction is favorable
to both (can Müllerian mimicry be obligatory
or facultative) Commensalism
0 Population A, the commensal,
benefits whereas B, the host, is not
affected Amensalism 0 Population A is
inhibited, but B is unaffected
Neutralism 0 0 Neither party affects the
other ____________________________________________
_______________________________________
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Mutualistic Interactions and Symbiotic
Relationships Mutualism (obligate and
facultative) Termite endosymbionts Commensalisms
(Cattle Egrets) Examples Bullhorn
Acacia ant colonies (Beltian bodies) Caterpillars
sing to ants (protection) Ants tend aphids
for their honeydew, termites cultivate
fungi Bacteria and fungi in roots provide
nutrients (carbon reward) Bioluminescence
(bacteria) Endozoic algae (Hydra), bleaching of
coral reefs (coelenterates) Nudibranch sea
slugs Nematocysts, kidnapped
chloroplasts Endosymbiosis (Lynn Margulis)
mitochondria chloroplasts Birds on water
buffalo backs, picking crocodile teeth Figs and
fig wasps (pollinate, lay eggs, larvae develop)
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Nudibranchs
Green sea slug
Hydra
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Cleaner fish Saber toothed blenny
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Honey guide and honey badger (ratel)
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Plant-pollinator, plant seed dispersal (flowers,
fruit)Carbohydrate reward (nectar, fruit
pulp)Pollinating vectors high degree of
plant-animal specificity assures that pollen will
not be wasted.Costs versus benefits to both
plant and pollinator.Must provide large enough
reward to make it worthwhile for pollinator to
visit flower, but small enough to assure that the
pollinator will continue to look for another
flower (in order to move pollen)
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Euglossine beesOrchid fragrances
(epiphytes)Male bees use orchid chemicals as
base for production of pheromones to
attract female bees (travel up to 23 km)
pollinate rare and diverse orchids, allowing
sparsely distributed plants to occur at
astonishing low densities
Dan Janzen
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Heliconius tropical butterfliesget amino acids
from pollen
Larry Gilbert
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Various Aspects of the Association of Cattle
Egrets with Cattle _______________________________
_________________________ Number of
Number Percent Associated
Egrets Category of Cattle Cattle
Expected Observed ___________
__________________________________________________
______ Grazing in sun 735 39.1
239 439 Grazing in shade 55 2.9
18 21 Standing in sun 146
7.8 48 46 Standing in shade
257 13.7 84 17 Lying in
sun 503 26.8 164 69 Lying
in shade 143 7.6 47
17 Walking 39 2.1 13
3 ______________________ Total
1878 100.0 612
______________________________________________
__________
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Various Aspects of the Association of Cattle
Egrets with Cattle _______________________________
_____________________________________
Number of Times Mean Count Was
Higher Number Than for
Opposite Number of Per Minute
Egret Associated Egrets ________________
__________________________________________________
__ Feedings, N 84 Associated 2.34 58 69 No
nassociated 1.71 26 31 Steps, N
62 Associated 20.1 7 11 Nonassociated 32.1
55 89 Feeding/step, N 59 Associated
0.129 52 88 Nonassociated 0.051
7 12 ___________________________________________
_____________
Harold Heatwole