Forest Biomes

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• Weather The state of the atmosphere at a given
  time and place, with respect to variables such as
  temperature, moisture, wind velocity and
  direction, barometric pressure, cloud cover
• Climate The meteorological conditions,
  including temperature, precipitation, and wind,
  that characteristically prevail in a particular
  region over extended periods of time.

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Solar Energy affects weather and climate patterns

• Earth must be in equilibrium not growing
  significantly warmer or cooler
• Heat is transferred from surplus to deficit
  equator to poles

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Albedo Effect
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How is heat transferred??Through Air and Water
Circulation
Easterlies (from the east)
Westerlies (from the west)
60N
Northeast tradewinds
30N
(Doldrums)
equator
Southeast tradewinds
30S
Westerlies
Easterlies
60S
Deflections in the paths of air flow near the
earths surface 
Initial pattern of air circulation
Animation
Fig. 6.6b, p. 125
Fig. 6.8, p. 126
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Pressure Gradients
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What is wind and why does it occur?

• A horizontal movement of air
• Vertical movements are currents or updrafts and
  downdrafts

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Isobars Predict Direction and Intensity of Wind
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Top View
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The Coriolis effect deflects winds and ocean
currents To the right in the northern
hemisphere To the left in the southern
hemisphere (animation)Friction slows surface
wind speed and weakens the Coriolis effect
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Global Wind Patterns
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PolarCell
Moist air rises rain
FerrellCell
HadleyCell
HadleyCell
FerrellCell
PolarCell
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ENSO El Nino Southern Oscillation

• Normal trade winds blow from east to west and
  cause upwellings, nutrient rich bottom water is
  pushed to surface.
• ENSO reverses the direction of the trade winds
  (now from W E) which depresses upwellings.
• Occurs every 3-7 yrs and can last from 8-14
  months. (Can seriously disrupt ecosystems if
  lasting longer than a year!)
• La Nina (2011-2012 NOAA advisory)
• Thermocline zone of gradual temperature change
  separating warm and cold water. Animation

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Fronts

• - the boundary between two air masses with
  different temperatures and densities.
• Dramatic changes in weather occur along a front

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Warm Front

• The boundary between an advancing warm air masses
  and the cooler one its replacing
• produces many layers of clouds at different
  altitudes
• leads to rainfall and days of cloudy skies
• Warm air always rises, less dense than cold air

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Cold Front

• The leading edge of an advancing mass of cold air
• produces thunderheads
• leads to high surface winds and T-storms
• cooler temperatures and clear skies

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Weather Extremes

• Violent storms called tornadoes (form over land)
  and tropical cyclones (form over warm ocean
  waters)
• Tropical cyclones are hurricanes in the Atlantic
  and typhoons in the Pacific Ocean
• Changes in barometric pressure with storms

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Tornados
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Devices

• Meteorologists use devices such as weather
  balloons, aircraft, ships, radar, and satellites
  to obtain data on variables such as atmospheric
  pressure, precipitation, temperature, wind
  speeds, and locations of air masses and fronts
• data is used to create weather maps

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Climate

• Average long term weather of an area
• Seasonal variations and weather extremes averaged
  over a long period (at least 30 years)
• 2 Main factors
• temperature
• amount and distribution of precipitation

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5 Major factors that influence climate

• Average Temperature Polar, Temperate, tropical
• Average Precipitation dry to very wet
  determines small vegetation to large trees
• Uneven heating of the Earths surface latitude/
  altitude cause pressure gradients
• Seasons Earths rotation
• Properties of water and air pressure, heating
  abilities

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WORLD CLIMATES
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WORLD ECOSYSTEMS
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LARGE CORRELATION
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Seasonal Changes

• Occur because the earths axis is tilted. This
  creates opposite seasons in the northern and
  southern hemisphere
• which is a factor that determines global air
  circulation patterns
• Animation adjust latitude for location Pembroke
  Pines,
• 26o N

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Seasons
Fig. 6.5, p. 124
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