Title: Forest Biomes
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2- Weather The state of the atmosphere at a given
time and place, with respect to variables such as
temperature, moisture, wind velocity and
direction, barometric pressure, cloud cover - Climate The meteorological conditions,
including temperature, precipitation, and wind,
that characteristically prevail in a particular
region over extended periods of time.
3 Solar Energy affects weather and climate patterns
- Earth must be in equilibrium not growing
significantly warmer or cooler - Heat is transferred from surplus to deficit
equator to poles
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5Albedo Effect
6How is heat transferred??Through Air and Water
Circulation
Easterlies (from the east)
Westerlies (from the west)
60N
Northeast tradewinds
30N
(Doldrums)
equator
Southeast tradewinds
30S
Westerlies
Easterlies
60S
Deflections in the paths of air flow near the
earths surface
Initial pattern of air circulation
Animation
Fig. 6.6b, p. 125
Fig. 6.8, p. 126
7Pressure Gradients
8What is wind and why does it occur?
- A horizontal movement of air
- Vertical movements are currents or updrafts and
downdrafts
9Isobars Predict Direction and Intensity of Wind
10Top View
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14The Coriolis effect deflects winds and ocean
currents To the right in the northern
hemisphere To the left in the southern
hemisphere (animation)Friction slows surface
wind speed and weakens the Coriolis effect
15Global Wind Patterns
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17PolarCell
Moist air rises rain
FerrellCell
HadleyCell
HadleyCell
FerrellCell
PolarCell
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19ENSO El Nino Southern Oscillation
- Normal trade winds blow from east to west and
cause upwellings, nutrient rich bottom water is
pushed to surface. - ENSO reverses the direction of the trade winds
(now from W E) which depresses upwellings. - Occurs every 3-7 yrs and can last from 8-14
months. (Can seriously disrupt ecosystems if
lasting longer than a year!) - La Nina (2011-2012 NOAA advisory)
- Thermocline zone of gradual temperature change
separating warm and cold water. Animation
20Fronts
- - the boundary between two air masses with
different temperatures and densities. - Dramatic changes in weather occur along a front
21Warm Front
- The boundary between an advancing warm air masses
and the cooler one its replacing - produces many layers of clouds at different
altitudes - leads to rainfall and days of cloudy skies
- Warm air always rises, less dense than cold air
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23Cold Front
- The leading edge of an advancing mass of cold air
- produces thunderheads
- leads to high surface winds and T-storms
- cooler temperatures and clear skies
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25Weather Extremes
- Violent storms called tornadoes (form over land)
and tropical cyclones (form over warm ocean
waters) - Tropical cyclones are hurricanes in the Atlantic
and typhoons in the Pacific Ocean - Changes in barometric pressure with storms
26Tornados
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31Devices
- Meteorologists use devices such as weather
balloons, aircraft, ships, radar, and satellites
to obtain data on variables such as atmospheric
pressure, precipitation, temperature, wind
speeds, and locations of air masses and fronts - data is used to create weather maps
32Climate
- Average long term weather of an area
- Seasonal variations and weather extremes averaged
over a long period (at least 30 years) - 2 Main factors
- temperature
- amount and distribution of precipitation
335 Major factors that influence climate
- Average Temperature Polar, Temperate, tropical
- Average Precipitation dry to very wet
determines small vegetation to large trees - Uneven heating of the Earths surface latitude/
altitude cause pressure gradients - Seasons Earths rotation
- Properties of water and air pressure, heating
abilities
34WORLD CLIMATES
35WORLD ECOSYSTEMS
36LARGE CORRELATION
37Seasonal Changes
- Occur because the earths axis is tilted. This
creates opposite seasons in the northern and
southern hemisphere - which is a factor that determines global air
circulation patterns - Animation adjust latitude for location Pembroke
Pines, - 26o N
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39Seasons
Fig. 6.5, p. 124
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